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OSI Model

• OSI means Open System Interconnect model.

• Developed by the International Organization for

Standardization in 1974.

• It consists of seven layers.

• Each layer has a different but specific processing

function.

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OSI Model Layers

Layer - 7 Application
Application
Upper Layer
Layer - 6 Presentation
Presentation or
Software Layer
Layer - 5 Session
Session

Layer - 4 Transport
Transport Heart of OSI

Layer - 3 Network
Network
Lower Layer
Layer - 2 Data
Data Link
Link or
Hardware Layer
Layer - 1 Physical
Physical

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Application Layer

Application Layer is
Application
Application
Application
Application responsible for providing
Networking Services to the
Presentation
Presentation user. It is also known as
Desktop Layer. Identification of
Session
Session Services is done using Port
Numbers.
Transport
Transport
Ports are Entry and Exit Points
Network
Network to the Layer

Data
Data Link
Link Total No. Ports 0 –
65535
Physical
Physical
Reserved Ports 0 – 1023
Open Client Ports 1024 – 65535
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Example of HTTP request
[Link]

Client Web Server

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Example of HTTP request

HTTP Request
HTTP Request
Received HTTP Reply Listen on
http:// [Link]
[Link] Port 80
Webpage Sending HTTP Reply
Webpage

Client Web Server

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Example of FTP request
[Link]

Client FTP Server

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Example of FTP request

FTP Request
FTP Request
Received FTP Reply Listen on
[Link]
[Link] Port 21
Sending FTP Reply

Client FTP Server

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Examples of Networking Services

Service Port No.

HTTP 80

FTP 21

SMTP 25

TELNET 23

TFTP 69

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Data flow from Application Layer

Application
Application Data

80 21 25 53 67 69

Presentation
Presentation

Session
Session

Transport
Transport

Network
Network

Data
Data Link
Link

Physical
Physical
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Presentation Layer

Presentation Layer is
Application
Application responsible for converting data
into standard format.
Presentation
Presentation
Examples : ASCII, EBCDIC,
Session
Session JPEG, MPEG, BMP, MIDI, WAV,
MP3
Transport
Transport

Network Following tasks are perform at

Network
Presentation layer :
Data
Data Link
Link
Encoding – Decoding
Physical
Physical Encryption – Decryption
Compression – Decompression
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Data flow from Presentation Layer

Application
Application Data

Presentation
Presentation Data

Session
Session

Transport
Transport

Network
Network

Data
Data Link
Link

Physical
Physical
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Session Layer

Session Layer is responsible for

Application
Application establishing, maintaining and
terminating session.
Presentation
Presentation Session ID works at Session
Layer.
Session
Session

Transport
Transport
Examples :
Network
Network
RPC  Remote Procedure Call
Data
Data Link
Link SQL  Structured Query Language
NFS  Network File System
Physical
Physical

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Data flow from Session Layer

Application
Application Data

Presentation
Presentation Data

Session
Session Data

Transport
Transport

Network
Network

Data
Data Link
Link

Physical
Physical
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Transport Layer

Transport Layer is
Application
Application responsible for end-to-end
connectivity. It is also known as
Presentation
Presentation the heart of OSI Layers.
Following tasks are performed at
Session
Session the Transport Layer : -

Transport
Transport
Transport
Transport • Identifying Service
Network
Network • Multiplexing & De-multiplexing
• Segmentation
Data
Data Link
Link
• Sequencing & Reassembling
Physical
Physical • Error Correction
• Flow Control
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Identifying Service

TCP UDP

• Transmission Control • User Datagram

Protocol Protocol

• Connection Oriented • Connection Less

• Acknowledgement • No Acknowledgement

• Reliable • Unreliable

• Slower • Faster

• Port No. 6 • Port No. 17

• e.g. HTTP, FTP, SMTP • e.g. DNS, DHCP, TFTP

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Multiplexing & De-multiplexing

Application
Application

Presentation
Presentation

Session
Session
80 21 25 53 67 69

Transport
Transport
TCP - 6 UDP - 17

Network
Network

Data
Data Link
Link

Physical
Physical
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Segmentation

Hello! How are you ?

Hello!
How are
you ? Hello! How Are You ?

A B

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Sequencing & Reassembling

you
Hello! HowHow
You Hello! are ?
you
Are? Hello!
Hello!
How are How ?
you ? Hello!
You Hello!
How AreHow You? Are? are

A B

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Sequencing & Reassembling

Hello! How are you ? Hello!

Hello!
How are
How are
you ? Hello! How Are You ? you ?
1/5 2/5 3/5 4/5 5/5

You Hello! How ? Are

4/5 1/5 2/5 5/5 3/5

A B

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Error Correction

Segment Missing
Hello! How are you ? Hello!
Hello!
How are
How are
you ? Hello! How Are You ? you ?
1/5 2/5 3/5 4/5 5/5

You Hello! How ? Are

4/5 1/5 2/5 5/5 3/5

A B

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Flow Control - Windowing

Ack-Rec- PC-A
PC-A
Ack.
Sending
3 Received
Received- can
can send
send 44 Segments
Segments
3-window
Sending 3-window
4-window
4 at
5-window at aa time
time to
to
PC-B
PC-B

A B

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Data flow from Transport Layer

Application
Application Data

Presentation
Presentation Data

Session
Session Data

Transport TH
Segment
Data
Transport

Network
Network

Data
Data Link
Link

Physical
Physical
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Network Layer

Network Layer is
Application
Application responsible for providing best
path for data to reach the
Presentation
Presentation destination. Logical Addressing
works on this layer. Router is a
Session
Session Network Layer device.

Transport
Transport It is divided into two parts

Network
Network • Routed Protocols
Network
Network
e.g. IP, IPX, Apple Talk.
Data
Data Link
Link • Routing Protocols
Physical
Physical e.g. RIP, IGRP, OSPF, EIGRP

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Routed Protocols

Segment

Hello!
Hello!
How are
How are
you ?
Source IP
[Link]
you ?
Destination
Segment IP
[Link]

A B

[Link] [Link]
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Routing Protocols

[Link]

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Data flow from Network Layer

Application
Application Data

Presentation
Presentation Data

Session
Session Data

e.g. Router Transport

Transport Segment

Network
Network NHPacket
Segment

Data
Data Link
Link

Physical
Physical
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Datalink Layer

Datalink Layer is
Application
Application divided into two Sub Layers :

Presentation
Presentation
• LLC – Logical Link Control
Session It talks about Wan protocols e.g.
Session
PPP, HDLC, Frame-relay
Transport
Transport
• MAC – Media Access Control
Network
Network It talks about Physical Address.
It is a 48 bit address i.e. 12 digit
Data
Data Link
Link Hexadecimal Number.
It is also responsible for Error
Physical
Physical Detection
Devices working on Data Link
Layer are Switch, Bridge, NIC.
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Error Detection – CRC Check

Packet
PC-A
PC-A
CRC
CRC No. No. 33333
33333
Hello!
How are
PC-B
PC-B
Source MAC
you ? CRC
CRC No.
No. 11114
11114
00-20-18-C0-07-71
Error 33333
11114
46323
99434
43434
99323
55434
89696
22222
32434
00000
Detected
Error
Error Detected
Detected
Destination
Packet MAC
00-20-18-C0-07-72
For
For Error
Error Correction
Correction
Contact
Contact Source
Source Transport
Transport layer
layer
A B

[Link] [Link]
00-20-18-C0-07-71 00-20-18-C0-07-72 29
Error Detection – CRC Check

Packet

Hello!
How are
Source MAC
00-20-18-C0-07-71
you ?
20202
11114
46323
99434
43434
99323
55434
89696
22222
32434
00000
Destination
Packet MAC
00-20-18-C0-07-72

A B

[Link] [Link]
00-20-18-C0-07-71 00-20-18-C0-07-72 30
Data flow from Data Link Layer

Application
Application Data

Presentation
Presentation Data

Session
Session Data

Transport
Transport Segment

e.g. Switch Network

Network Packet

Data
Data Link
Link DH Frame
Packet DT

Physical
Physical
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Physical Layer

Physical Layer is
Application
Application responsible for electrical,
mechanical and procedural checks.
Presentation
Presentation Data will be converted into Binary
(i.e) 0’s & 1’s. Data will be in the
Session
Session form of electrical pulses if it is
Coaxial or Twisted Pair cable and in
Transport
Transport the form of Light if it is Fiber Optic
Cable.
Network
Network
Devices working at Physical Layer
Data
Data Link
Link are Hubs, Repeaters, Cables,
Modems etc.
Physical
Physical

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Physical Layer Example

Frame

Hello!
How are
you ?
1010101010101010
Frame

A 0101011010101010101010101
1010101101010101010101010
0101011010101010101010101 B

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Data flow from Physical Layer

Application
Application Data

Presentation
Presentation Data

Session
Session Data

Transport
Transport Segment

Network
Network Packet

e.g. Hub Data

Data Link
Link Frame

Physical
Physical Bits

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Data Encapsulation & De-capsulation

A B

Application Data Data Application

Application Application

Presentation
Presentation Data Data Presentation
Presentation

Session
Session Data Data Session
Session

Transport
Transport
TH Data
Segment TH
Segment
Data TransportTH
Transport

Network
Network NHPacket
Segment NHPacket
Segment Network NH
Network

Data DHFrameDT
Packet DTFrameDH
Packet
Packet DH
DT
DataLink
Link DataLink
Data Link

Physical
Physical Bits Bits Physical
Physical
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Comparing OSI with TCP/IP Layers

OSI Layers TCP/IP Layers

Application
Application

Presentation
Presentation Application
Application

Session
Session

Transport
Transport Transport
Transport

Network
Network Internet
Internet

Data
Data Link
Link Network
Network
Access
Access
Physical
Physical
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37
Example of HTTP request
[Link]

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[Link]

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Microsoft Windows 2000 [Version 5.00.2195]
(C) Copyright 1985-2000 Microsoft Corp.
C:\> telnet [Link]
Connecting .....
================================
Welcome to Hyderabad Router
================================
User Access Verification
password :

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[Link]

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[Link]

xyz@[Link]

xyz

******

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