MD3401- ANALOG AND DIGITAL

ELECTRONICS
LINEAR AND NON LINEAR
APPLICATIONS

UNIT-II
1
OUTLINE
 2.1 -Scale Changer
 2.2 -Sign Changer
 2.3 -Phase Shift Circuits
 2.4 -Voltage Follower
 2.5 -V-to-I and I-to-V converters
 2.6 -Adder
 2.7 -Subtractor
 2.8 -Instrumentation amplifier
 2.9 - Integrator
 2.10-Differentiator
 2.11-Logarithmic amplifier
 2.12-Antilogarithmic amplifier

2
OUTLINE CONT..
 2.13 -Comparators
 2.14 -Schmitt trigger
 2.15 -Precision rectifier
 2.16 -Peak detector
 2.17 -Clipper and clamper
 2.18 -Low-pass filters
 2.19 -High-pass filters
 2.20 -Band-pass Butterworth filters

3
2.1 SCALE CHANGER
 In this basic inverting amplifier
of Rf/R1=K
 Then ACL=-K,K=real constant
 ACL=-Rf/R1
 Therefore
Vo/V1= -Rf/R1
Vo= -KVi
 Thus this circuit is used to
multiply by a constant factor if
R1 and Rf are precision resistors
 This circuit is called Scale
Changer

4
 2.2
SIGN CHANGER
 In the ideal inverting amplifier
if Rf=R1,then
the gain is ACL=-1.
 Thus the magnitude of output is same as
that of input but its sign is opposite to
that of the input.
Vo=-Vin for Rf=R1
 This circuit is called sign changer or Phase
inverter.

5
2.3
PHASE SHIFT CIRCUIT(PHASE SHIFT
OSCILLATOR)
 An RC phase shift
oscillator using OPAMP
 OPAMP is used as an
inverting amplifier and
provides 180° phase shift.
RC network is used in the
feedback to provide
additional 180° phase
shift.
 Frequency of Oscillation
fo=1/(2∏ RC)√6

6
2.3

The Inverting Amplifier

Rf Rf
Vout   Vin A
Rin Rin

7
2.4

VOLTAGE FOLLOWER
 A voltage follower (also
called a unity-gain
amplifier, a buffer
amplifier, and an isolation
amplifier) is a op-amp
circuit which has a voltage
gain of 1.
 In the non-inverting
amplifier
if Rf=0 and R1=∞ we get
Vo=Vi
VA=VB=Vin

8
2.5
VOLTAGE TO CURRENT CONVERTER
 In a voltage to current converter, the output
load current is proportional to the input
voltage.
 According to the connection of load there are
two types of V to I converters.

 Floating type
 Grounded type

9
2.5

V TO I WITH FLOATING LOAD

 Floating type V to I converter RL is not
connected to the ground.

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 10
 2.5

FLOATING TYPE CONT..

 As input current of op-amp is zero
IL=Ii=Vi/R1
ILαVi
Hence such converter is circuits are used to
generate saw tooth and triangular waveforms.
The proportionality constant is generally 1/R1
hence this circuit is also called trans conductance
amplifier. It is also called (Voltage Controlled
current source)VCCS.

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 11
2.5

VOLTAGE TO CURRENT CONVERTER WITH GROUNDED LOAD

 Grounded load type V to I converter RL is

connected to the ground. It is called as Howland
Current Converter from the name of its
inventor.

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 12
GROUNDED LOAD CONT…
 Applying KCL at node V1 we get,
=
=
=R

The gain of op-amp in non inverting mode is given as

A=1+Rf/R1 for this circuit it is 1+R/R=2.Hence output
voltage can be written as

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 13
2.5

GROUNDED LOAD CONT…

 The load current depends on the input

voltage and resistor

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 14
2.5

APPLICATION OF V TO I CONVERTER

 Low Voltage DC Voltmeter

 Low Voltage AC Voltmeter
 Diode tester and Match Finder
 Zener Diode tester

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 15
CURRENT TO VOLTAGE CONVERTER
 The output voltage is proportional to the input
current .

 Where A gain of the circuit, measured in ohms

It is more appropriate to denote gain by the
symbol R . Because of this, I-V converters are also
called trans resistance amplifiers.
GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 16
 2.5
CURRENT TO VOLTAGE CONVERTER CONT.
 The node A is a virtual ground as node B is
grounded.

This circuit is also referred as Current Control Voltage

Source(CCVS)

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 17
2.5
APPLICATION OF I TO V
 The most frequent applications of I to V
converter is in connection with current type
photo detectors such as photodiodes and
photomultipliers.

 Another common application is I/V conversion

of current output digital to analog converter.

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 18
2.6

SUMMING AMPLIFIERS
 The op-amp circuit can be designed to add
the various input voltages with required
amplification. Such a circuit is called
summing amplifier.
 Two types of summing amplifier
 Inverting summing amplifier
 Non inverting summing amplifier

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 19
2.6

INVERTING SUMMING AMPLIFIER

 A circuit which can amplify three input
voltage V1,V2,V3.The inputs are connected
to an inverting terminal.
 The non inverting terminal is grounded and
hence inverting terminal behaves as a virtual
ground.
 VA=VB=0V
 The input resistors are R1,R2 and R3.The op-
amp input current is zero hence the current
flowing through Rf is I1 +I2+I3.

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 20
2.6
INVERTING SUMMING AMPLIFIER
CONT…

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 21
2.6
INVERTING SUMMING AMPLIFIER
CONT…

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 22
2.6
NON INVERTING SUMMING
AMPLIFIER
 The circuit amplifies the sum of the input
voltage without a phase shift.
 Let the voltage at node A is VA. So node B
will be at same potential as A due to virtual
ground.

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 23
2.6
NON INVERTING SUMMING
AMPLIFIER CONT..

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 24
2.6
NON INVERTING SUMMING AMPLIFIER
CONT..

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 25
2.7

SUBTRACTOR
 The subtraction of
two input voltages
is possible with the
help of op-amp
circuit called
subtractor or
difference
amplifier circuit

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 26
2.7

SUBTRACTOR CONT..
 Case 1: With V2 zero, the circuit acts as an
inverting amplifier

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 27
2.7

SUBTRACTOR CONT..
 Case 2:While with V1 as zero the circuit

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 28
2.8

INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
 In a number of industrial and consumer
applications one is required to measure
and control physical quantities. These
physical quantities are usually measured
with the help of transducers.
 The output of transducer has to be
amplified so that it can drive the
indicator or display system. This function
is performed by an instrumentation
amplifier

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 29
 2.8
EXAMPLES FOR INSTRUMENTATION
AMPLIFIER

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 30
2.8
FEATURES OF INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
 High gain accuracy
 High CMRR
 High Gain stability with low temperature
coefficient
 Low dc Offset
 Low output impedance

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 31
2.8

BASIC DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER

Vo=(

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 32
2.8
AN IMPROVED INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 33
2.8 INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER USING
TRANSDUCER BRIDGE

The circuit was a resistive transducer whose

resistance changes as function of the physical
quantity to be measured.
GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 34
2.9
INTEGRATOR

 In an integrated circuit the output voltage is the

integration of the input voltage .
 An integrator using an active devices like op-amp is
called active integrator.

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 35
2.9

INTEGRATOR CONT..

 The node B is grounded .The node A is also at

the ground potential from the concept of
virtual ground.
 VA=0=VB
 As input current of op-amp is zero the entire
current I flowing through R1 also flows
through Cf.

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 36
2.9

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 37
2.9
INPUT AND OUTPUT WAVEFORM

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 38
2.9

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 39
2.9
FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF IDEAL INTEGRATOR

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 40
2.9
ANALYSIS OF PRACTICAL
INTEGRATOR
 As the input current of op-amp is zero, the node B
is still at ground potential. Hence the node A is also
at the ground potential from the concept of virtual
ground. So VA=0.

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 41
2.9

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 42
2.9

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 43
2.9
APPLICATION OF PRACTICAL
INTEGRATOR
 In the analog computers
 In solving the digital converters
 In analog to digital converters
 Various signal wave shaping circuits
 In ramp generators

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 44
2.10

DIFFERENTIATOR
 The circuit which produces the
differentiation of the input voltage at its
output is called differentiator.

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 45
 2.10
IDEAL ACTIVE OP-AMP DIFFERENTIATOR

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 46
2.10

INPUT OUTPUT WAVEFORMS

 For Square input

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 47
 2.10

 Sine Waveform

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 48
2.10

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 49
2.10

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 50
2.11
LOGARITHMIC AMPLIFIER
 Log amplifier is a non-linear circuit configuration, where the
output is K times the logarithmic value of the input voltage
applied.
 Log amplifiers find the applications in computations such as
multiplication and division of signals, computation of powers
and roots, signal compression and decompression, as well as
in process control in industrial applications.
 A log amplifier can be constructed using a bipolar junction
transistor in the feedback to the op-amp, since the collector
current of a BJT is logarithmically related to its base-emitter
voltage.

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 51
 2.11

FUNDAMENTAL LOG AMP CIRCUIT

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 52
2.11
ANALYSIS OF LOG-AMP
 Since the collector terminal of the
transistor is held at virtual ground and the
base terminal is also grounded, the
voltage-current relationship becomes that
of a diode and is given by,
 IE = IS.[eq(Vbe)/kT – 1]
Where,
 IS = the saturation current,
 k = Boltzmann’s constant
 T = absolute temperature (in K)
 Since IE = IC for grounded base transistor,
GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 53
2.11
PROBLEM IN FUNDAMENTAL
LOG AMP
 The fundamental circuit has a problem. The
emitter saturation current Is varies from
transistor to transistor and with
temperature.
 Thus a stable reference voltage Vref cannot
be obtained.
 This is eliminated by a good thermal tracking
circuit diagram.

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 54
 2.11
LOG AMP WITH SATURATION CURRENT AND
TEMPERATURE COMPENSATION

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 55
2.11

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 56
2.11

Log amp using two op-amps

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 57
2.12
ANTILOG AMPLIFIER
 Anti-logarithmic or exponential amplifier (or
simply antilog amplifier) is an op-amp circuit
configuration, whose output is proportional to
the exponential value or anti-log value of the
input.
 Antilog amplifier does the exact opposite of a
log amplifier. Antilog amplifiers along with log
amplifiers are used to perform analogue
computations on the input signals.

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 58
2.12

• The input Vi for the antilog amplifier is fed

into the temperature compensating voltage
divider R2 and RTc and then to the base od
Q2.
• The output Vo of the antilog-amp is fed back
to the inverting input of A1 through the
Resistor R1
• The base to emitter voltage of transistor Q1
and Q2 can be written as

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 59
2.12
Antilog amplifier

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 60
2.13

COMPARATOR
 The op-amp in open loop configuration can
be used as a basic comparator.
 when two inputs are applied to the open
loop op-amp then it compares the two
inputs.
 Depending upon the comparison it produces
output voltage either(+Vsat) or (-Vsat)
Two types of comparator circuit
 Non inverting comparator
 Inverting comparator

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 61
2.13
NON INVERTING COMPARATOR

 In the non inverting

comparator
If Vin>Vref then
output is +Vsat i.e equal to
+Vcc.

I if Vin<Vref then
output is -Vsat
i.e equal to -VEE.

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 62
2.13
WAVEFORM OF NON INVERTING
COMPARATOR

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 63
2.13
TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS OF NON-
INVERTING COMPARATOR

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 64
 2.13
INVERTING COMPARATOR
•When Vin < Vref the output voltage
Vo is at +Vsat(+Vcc)
because the voltage at the inverting input(-) is
less than that at the non-inverting (+)input.

•On the other hand, when Vin>Vref,the Non

inverting (+) input becomes negative with
respect to the inverting(-) input and

Vo goes to –Vsat(-VEEE)

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 65
2.13
INPUT AND OUTPUT WAVEFORM OF NON-
INVERTING AMPLIFIER

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 66
2.13

ZERO CROSSING DETECTOR

 The important application of comparator is
zero crossing detector.

 The various types of zero crossing detector

 Invertingzero crossing detector
 Non inverting zero crossing detector
 Capacitor coupled crossing detector

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 67
2.13

NON INVERTING ZERO CROSSING DETECTOR

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 68
2.13
INVERTING ZERO CROSSING
DETECTOR

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 69
2.13

WINDOW DETECTOR

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 70
2.14SCHMITT TRIGGER OR REGENERATIVE
COMPARATOR CIRCUIT
 It is basically an inverting comparator
circuit with a positive feedback.
 The purpose of the Schmitt trigger is
 to
convert any regular or irregular shaped input
waveform into a square wave output voltage or
pulse.
 Thus, it can also be called a squaring circuit.

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 71
GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 72
2.14

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 73
2.14
UPPER THRESHOLD VOLTAGE, VUT = +VSAT
LOWER THRESHOLD VOLTAGE, VLT = -VSAT

 The input voltage is applied to the

(-)input terminal and feedback voltage to
the(+)input terminal.

 The input voltage Vi triggers the output

Vo every time it exceeds certain voltage
levels. These voltage levels are called
upper threshold voltage(Vut) and lower
threshold voltage(Vlt)

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 74
 The hysteresis width is the difference between
these two threshold voltage voltages i.e (Vut-Vlt)

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 75
2.14

Upper Threshold Voltage, Vut = +Vsat

 The output Vo=+Vsat. The voltage at (+)input

terminal will be(Vo remains constant at +Vsat)
 Vref + R2/R1+R2*(Vsat-Vref)=Vut
 Vi<Vut

Lower Threshold Voltage, Vlt = -Vsat

 (Vi>Vut )the output regeneratively switches to –Vsat

 Vo= -Vsat
 Vref-R2/R1+R2*(Vsat-Vref)=Vlt

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 76
2.14
HYSTERESIS CHARACTERISTICS

 Since a comparator circuit with a positive

feedback is used, a dead band condition
hysteresis can occur in the output.
 When the input of the comparator has a
value higher than Vut, its output switches
from +Vsat to -Vsat and reverts back to its
original state, +Vsat, when the input
value goes below Vlt.
 VH=Vut-Vlt

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 77
GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 78
2.15
PRECISION HALF WAVE RECTIFIER
 The silicon rectifiers cut in voltage is 0.7V
and so voltage less than the value cannot be
rectified.
 This is the main defect in silicon in silicon
rectifier.
 This defect is overcome by precision rectifier by
using op-amp rectifier.
 Two types of precision rectifier
 Precision half wave rectifier
 Precision full wave rectifier

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 79
 2.15
PRECISION HALF WAVE RECTIFIER
An inverting amplifier can be converted into
an ideal half wave rectifier by adding two
diodes.

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 80
2.15
PRECISION HALF WAVE RECTIFIER CONT
 Vi=+(positive)
 D1 conducts causing VoA to go to negative by
diode drop. Hence diode D2(off) is reverse
biased( Vo=0).
 The output Vo is zero because for all practical
purpose no current flows through Rf and the
input current through D1.

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 81
 Vi=-(Negative)
 Op-amp function as an inverting amplifier.
 The output is positive and diode D2 conducts D1
does not conduct being reverse biased.

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 82
1.12
Input /Output Waveforms

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 83
 1.12

PRECISION FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 84
2.15
Equivalent circuit for Vi>0

•For positive input i.e Vi>0, the diode D1 is ON and D2 is

OFF.
•Both the op-amp A1 and A2 act as inverter circuit. It can
be see that V0=Vi.
•For negative input i.e Vi<0 diode D1 is OFF and D2 is
ON.

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 85
2.15
Equivalent circuit for Vi<0

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 86
2.15
Input/output waveforms

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 87
2.16

PEAK DETECTOR
 The function of peak detector is to
compute the peak value of the input .
 Square, triangle ,sawtooth and pulse
waves are typical examples of non-
sinusoidal waveforms.
 A conventional ac voltmeter cannot be
used to measure these non-sinusoidal
waveforms as it is designed to measure
the rms value of the sine wave.

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 88
2.16

•Peak detector circuit is used to get the peak value

of voltage of an input signal fed into the peak
detector circuit.
•The peak detector circuit consists of a comparator
circuit, diode and a MOSFET reset switch.

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 89
 The diode is connected in such a way
that, it will be in forward biased only
when the potential from the output of the
comparator circuit is greater than the
potential at the output of the peak
detector circuit
 (The output of peak detector circuit is
equal to the capacitor voltage).
 That is why we get only the peak value of
the input at the output of peak detector
circuit.
GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 90
Working Of a Peak Detector Circuit

Case 1 (when Vi > Vc)

When the input voltage is greater then the present
output voltage which is the capacitor voltage, then
the diode conducts, resulting in voltage follower
circuit.

Case 2 (when Vi< Vc)

When the input voltage is less then the present
output voltage which is the capacitor voltage, then
the diode is in reverse biased condition, resulting in
high impedance state, maintaining the previous
output at the output at the peak detector circuit
output due to the charging of capacitor.

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 91
2.16
Peak Detector output

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 92
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CLIPPER AND CLAMPER
 The major difference Between clipper and clamper is
that clipper is a limiting circuit which limits the
output Voltage while clamper is a circuit
which shifts the DC level of output voltage.
 The clipper and clamper circuits are exactly opposite
to each other regarding their working principle.
 Another significant difference between clipper and
clamper is the shape of the output waveform. The
voltage which is clipped by clipper can assume various
shapes, but the voltage obtained by clamper circuit
does not alter in shape.

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 93
2.17

CLIPPER CIRCUITS
 A clipper is used to clip off a certain portion
of the input signal to obtain a desired output
waveform.
 Types of Clipper
 Positive clipper
 Negative clipper

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 94
2.17
Positive Clipper circuit and waveforms

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 95
2.17

POSITIVE CLIPPER CIRCUIT CONT

 The clipping level is determined by Vref and
could be obtained from positive supply voltage
V+.
 It is seen that the portion of the output
voltage for Vo>Vref are clipped off.
 Vi>Vref
The output of the op-amp is large enough to
drive D into cutoff(Vo=Vref)
 Vi<Vref
Diode D conducts. The op-amp works as a
voltage follower output Vo follows the input
Vi.
GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 96
2.17

NEGATIVE CLIPPER
 The circuit of this negative clipper can be
obtained by reversing the diode D and
changing the polarity of reference
voltage.
 The negative clipper clips off the negative
parts of the input signal below the
reference voltage

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 97
2.17
Input and output waveforms

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 98
2.17

CLAMPER
 The clamper is also known as dc inserter
or restorer. This circuit is used to add a
desired dc level to the output voltage.
 In other words the output is clamped to a
desired dc level.
 If the clamped dc level is positive, it is
called positive amplifier.
 Similarly if the clamped dc level is
negative the clamper is called negative
clamper.
GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 99
2.17

PEAK CLAMPER CIRCUIT

 This circuit clamps the peaks of the input
waveform and therefore is also called a peak
clamper.

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 100
2.17
EFFECT OF VREF APPLIED AT THE
(+)INPUT TERMINAL
 For +Vref the voltage at the output of
opamp v’ is also positive, so that the diode
D is forward biased.
 The circuit operates as a voltage follower
and the output voltage Vo=+Vref
 Ac input signal Vi=VmsinƜt is applied at
the (-) input terminal.
 During the negative half cycle of Vi diode D
conducts.
 The capacitor C1 charges through D to
negative peak voltage Vm.
GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 101
2.17

POSITIVE PEAK CLAMPING

 During the positive half cycle of Vi.Diode D is
reverse biased.
 The capacitor retains its previous voltage
Vm. Since this voltage Vm is in series with
the ac input signal, the output voltage now
will be Vi+Vm.
 The total output voltage Vo=Vref +Vi+Vm

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 102
2.17
NEGATIVE CLIPPING

 D is reverse biased. Negative reference

voltage –Vref is used.
 The resistor R is used for protecting the
opamp against excessive discharge currents
from capacitor C1 especially when the supply
voltages are switched off

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 103
 2.17

INPUT AND OUTPUT WAVEFORMS

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 104
ACTIVE FILTERS
Filters and Oscillators:
 An electric filter is often a frequency
selective circuit that passes a specified band
of frequencies and blocks or alternates signal
and frequencies outside this band.
 Filters may be classified as
1. Analog or digital.
2. Active or passive
3. Audio (AF) or Radio Frequency (RF)

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 105
1. Analog or digital filters:
Analog filters are designed to process analog signals,
while digital filters process analog signals using digital
technique.

2. Active or Passive:
Depending on the type of elements used in their
construction, filter may be classified as passive or
Active elements used in passive filters are Resistors,
capacitors, inductors.
Elements used in active filters are transistor, or op-amp.

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 106
 ACTIVE FILTERS - ADVANTAGES OVER A PASSIVE
FILTERS:
1. Gain and Frequency adjustment flexibility:
Since the op-amp is capable of providing a gain,
the i/p signal is not attenuated as it is in a
passive filter. [Active filter is easier to tune or
adjust].
2. No loading problem:
Because of the high input resistance and low o/p
resistance of the op-amp, the active filter does
not cause loading of the source or load.
3. Cost: Active filters are more economical than
passive filter. This is because of the variety of
cheaper op-amps and the absence of inductors.
GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 107
TYPES OF FILTERS

1. Low pass Filters

2. High pass Filters
3. Band pass filters
4. Band –reject filters
5. All pass filters

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 108
 FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF
THE ACTIVE FILTERS
 Low Pass Filter High Pass Filter

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 109
BAND PASS FILTERS
FREQUENCY RESPONSE
 Band Pass Filters Band Reject Filter

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 110
2.18
FIRST ORDER LPF
BUTTERWORTH FILTER:
 First order LPF that uses an
 RC for filtering op-amp is used in the non
inverting configuration.
 Resistor R1 & Rf determine the gain of the filter.

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 111
2.18

FIRST ORDER LPF CIRCUIT

GSBT/ECE/UNIT 2 112
2.18

DESIGN STEPS-LPF
Choose a value of high cut off frequency fH .
 Select a value of C less than or equal to 1μf.
 Choose the value of R using, R = 1/2πf HC
 Finally select values of R1 and RF dependent
on the desired pass band gain AF using,
AF = 1 +RF/R1

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2.18
SECOND ORDER LP
BUTTERWORTH FILTER
 A second order LPF having a gain 40dB/decade
in stop band.
 A First order LPF can be converted into a II
order type simply by using an additional RC
network.
 The gain of the II order filter is set by R1 and
RF, while
 The high cut off frequency fH is determined
by R2,C2,R3 and C3.

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 2.18

SECOND ORDER LPF CIRCUIT

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2.18
FILTER DESIGN
 Choose a value for a high cut off freq (fH ).

 To simplify the design calculations, set R2 = R3 = R and

C2 = C3 = C then choose a value of c<=1μf.

 Calculate the value of R using R = 1/2πfHC

 Finally, because of the equal resistor (R2 = R3) and capacitor

(C2 = C3 ) values, the pass band volt gain AF = 1 + RF / R1 of
the second order had to be equal to 1.586. RF = 0.586 R1.

 Hence choose a value of R1 <=100kΩ and Calculate the

value of RF.

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2.19
FIRST ORDER HP
BUTTERWORTH FILTER
 High pass filters are often formed simply by
interchanging frequency-determining
resistors and capacitors in low-pass filters.
 I order HPF is formed from a I order LPF by
interchanging components R & C.
 Similarly II order HPF is formed from a II
order LPF by interchanging R & C.

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 2.19

I ORDER HPF

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2.19
SECOND – ORDER HIGH PASS BUTTERWORTH FILTER

 I order Filter, II order HPF can be formed

from a II order LPF by interchanging the
frequency determine resistors and
capacitors.

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 2.20

BAND PASS FILTERS

 A band pass filter is basically a
 frequency selector.
 It allows one particular band of frequencies to pass.
 Thus the pass band is between the two cut-off
Frequency FH and FL where FH>FL .
Any frequency outside this band gets attenuated.

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2.20

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2.20

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 2.20

WIDE BAND PASS FILTER

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 2.20

NARROW BAND PASS FILTERS

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2.20

Frequency Response

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