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CONTROL OF PLANT
GROWTH BY AUXINS Auxin/INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID(IAA)
Auxin is a type of chemical which control the
tropism. To be more specific, Auxin is a plant
hormone. Auxin is produced by cells at the tip of the roots and shoots of plants. At the top Of the cell, there is a section where
cells are being produced by dividing so the
shoot grows (meristems). The growth of the cells are controlled by
"auxin". Auxin is what allows a plant to grow, so if you
cut off the auxin, the plant will not grow.
Auxins: Chemical Control of Tropisms • Plants respond to stimuli by producing a growth hormone called auxin which controls the direction of growth of roots or stems • Therefore we say plants control their growth chemically • Auxin is mostly made in the tips of the growing stems and roots and can diffuse to other parts of the stems or roots; spreading from a high concentration in the shoot tips down the shoot to an area of lower concentration. • Auxin stimulates the cells behind the tip to elongate (get larger); the more auxin there is, the faster they will elongate and grow • This is an important point. Only the region behind the tip of a shoot is able to contribute to growth by cell division and cell elongation. This part of a shoot is called the meristem. • If light shines all around the tip, auxin is distributed evenly throughout and the cells in the meristem grow at the same rate - this is what normally happens with plants growing outside • When light shines on the shoot predominantly from one side though, the auxin produced in the tip concentrates on the shaded side, making the cells on that side elongate and grow faster than the cells on the sunny side • This unequal growth on either side of the shoot causes the shoot to bend and grow in the direction of the light The role of auxin can be tested using seedlings placed in a box that has a slit on one side, only allowing light in from one direction: Investigating the phototropic response results: • Auxin plays a role in a plants response to gravity, affecting plant shoots and roots in different ways • When shoots grow away from gravity it is known as negative geotropism • Gravity modifies the distribution of auxin so that it accumulates on the lower side of the shoot • As seen in the phototropic response, auxin increases the rate of growth in shoots, causing the shoot to grow upwards • When roots grow towards gravity it is known as positive geotropism • In roots, higher concentrations of auxin results in a lower rate of cell elongation • The auxin that accumulates at the lower side of the root inhibits cell elongation • As a result, the lower side grows at a slower rate than the upper side of the root • This causes the root to bend downwards Auxins in the shoot stimulate cell growth (by stimulating the absorption of water, forcing cells to expand)
Auxins in the root slow down cell growth (by
inhibiting the absorption of water, forcing cells to remain same) Auxin in Phototropism If sun shines on the right side of plants shoot, auxins will accumulate on the dark opposite left. Auxin accumulating on the dark side will
obviously grow at a faster rate than the left side
of the plant. When the right side of the plant is growing
faster than the left side, the plant starts to bend
towards the right side towards sunlight. We call this phototropism. Auxin in Gravitropism Auxin like to settle at the bottom of the root.
This does not make the tip of the root grow
taller. Interestingly, auxin prevents the cells at the bottom tip of the root from growing, allowing the cells in the middle to grow faster. When the cells in the middle of the root start to grow faster, what this does it that it pushes the root deeper into the soil and the root gets longer.
Additionally, the root grows in the direction
of gravitational pull. We call this geotropism. WEEDS Weeds: these are unwanted plants growing among the cultivated crops. Weed killers: Weed killers are used to selectively kill plants. One of the main herbicides contains an organic
compound known as 2,4-D (2,4- 2,4-
Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), which is a synthetic plant auxin hormone. When a plant is exposed to 2,4-D, it results in
rapid and uncontrolled cell growth, respiration,
leading to the plant’s death Some plant species are more sensitive than others to synthetic plant hormones, so weedkillers can be selective.
Many weedkillers kill only broad-leaved
plants (dicotyledons), leaving grasses (moncotyledons) unharmed. Natural auxin (IAA) is actively transported into cells by a carrier protein molecule in the cell membrane and leaves the cells by facilitated diffusion through a different channel protein molecule. The importing protein will also work for 2,4-
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