Academic Integrity and Plagiarism in

Research
Other Tools-Grammar/ Spell/Para Plag –
check

PhD Coursework
"In the 1980s, India was among the top 10 countries in the world
producing original research, slipping to no. 12 in the 1990s. And in the
first decade of the new millennium, its position further slipped,
alarmingly, to below 20. Research was no longer seen as a prestigious
career option because India has failed to provide adequate
encouragement, incentive and appreciation for students to get into
research areas," said Narayan Murthy.
 Library Resources Important for
all steps in research
 Finding research problem / topic
 Gathering background literature
 Collecting data
 Analyzing data
 Writing research report
 Disseminating results
Academic Integrity and Ethical Issues in
Research
• Honesty • Responsible Mentoring
• Objectivity • Respect for colleagues
• Integrity • Social Responsibility
• Carefulness • Competence
• Openness • Reference Management Tools
• Respect for Intellectual • Legality
Property • Animal Care
• Confidentiality • Human Subjects Protection
• Responsible
Publication
 Copyrights vs. Plagiarism
• Copyright is about protecting rights of creator of information.
• Plagiarism is using someone else's work or ideas
without giving proper credit.
• Plagiarism is a violation of academic norms.
• Plagiarism is an offence against the author, while copyright
violation is an offence against the copyright holder.
• Copyright is applicable to licensed contents only, while
plagiarism is applicable to both licensed and unlicensed
contents.
https://researchguides.uic.edu/c.php?g=252209&p=1682805
 Plagiarism in Research
Plagiarism is specifically defined as a form of research
misconduct

“Misconduct means fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, or

any other practice that seriously deviates from practices
commonly accepted in the discipline or in the academic and
research communities generally in proposing, performing,
reviewing, or reporting research and creative activities.”
 What is Plagiarism?
• The word plagiarize actually comes from the Latin plagiare—to kidnap (Oxford
English Dictionary).
• Plagiarism is the act of stealing someone else's work and attempting to "pass it
off" as your own. This can apply to anything, from term papers to photographs
to songs, even ideas!
• Submit a paper / Dissertation Thesis to be graded or reviewed that you
have not written on your own.
• Copy answers or text from another classmate and submit it as your
own.
• Quote or paraphrase from another paper without crediting the
original author.
• Cite data without crediting the original source.
• Propose another author’s idea as if it were your own.
• Fabricating references or using incorrect references.
• Submitting someone else’s presentation, program, spreadsheet, or other file
with only minor alterations;
• buying or selling term papers /assignments/ Dissertations / Thesis;
Source: www.plagiarism.org
http://tlt.psu.edu/plagiarism/student-tutorial/defining-plagiarism-and-academic-integrity/
 Intentional Plagiarism: Falsification,
Fabrication
• Fabrication is the intentional act of making up data or results and
recording or reporting them.
• Falsification is manipulating research materials, equipment, or
processes, or changing or omitting/suppressing data or results without
scientific or statistical justification, such that the research is not
accurately represented in the research record. This would include the
"misrepresentation of uncertainty" during statistical analysis of the
data.
• Fake peer reviews

http://orei.unimelb.edu.au/content/fabrication-falsification-plagiarism
 Unintentional or Accidental
Plagiarism
• Failing to document or “cite” properly. unfamiliar with International styles
of documentation
• Quoting excessively
• Failing to use your own “voice” to present information or ideas

 May not know how to integrate ideas of others and document properly

 May not know how to take notes properly, or done sloppily

 taking the ideas of other writers and mixing them together.

 Using minimal or careless paraphrasing

 Self-plagiarism
• Copying material you have previously produced and passing it off as a
new production.
• Writers often maintain that because they are the authors, they can reuse
their work as they please; it couldn't be defined as "plagiarism" since
they are not taking any words or ideas from someone else. However,
while the debate on whether self-plagiarism is possible continues, the
ethics of self-plagiarism is significant, especially because self-
plagiarism can infringe upon a publisher’s copyright.
 Why Do Researchers Plagiarize?
• Study Pressure,
• Disorganized research work
• Poor Study habits,
• Cut-and-Paste culture,
• English as an International language- in many non-English speaking
countries
• lack of understanding seriousness of plagiarism.
• Lack of strict Academic Discipline
• Careless attitude
• Lack of referencing skills
 Penalties
• If student found guilty of academic misconduct;
• A requirement for submission of a new or alternative piece of work.
• The rescinding of University-funded scholarships or bursaries.
• Partial or total loss of marks on the examination or assignment or course in which the
offence occurred.
• Suspension or expulsion from the University
• A recommendation for revocation/rescinding of a degree.

• If a Researcher / Academician is found guilty; they may face following penalties

• Disgrace to both Individual and institution
• May face disciplinary action as per institute rules
• it can cost a person his or her professional credibility or even a job
• Debarment from eligibility to receive research funds for grants and contracts from
any
government agency in India,

Source: http://www.academicintegrity.uoguelph.ca/
UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION (PROMOTION OF
ACADEMIC INTEGRITY AND PREVENTION OF PLAGIARISM IN
HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS) REGULATIONS, 2018

• Academic Integrity Panel

• Departmental
• Institutional
• PenaltiesSimilarities upto 10% - excluded
• Level 1: Similarities above 10% to 40%
• Level 2: Similarities above 40% to 60%
• Level 3: Similarities above 60%
Examples
What if Plagiarism is Detected?
Publisher’s Policy
• COPE
• The Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) was established in 1997 by
a small group of medical journal editors in the UK but now has
over 9000 members worldwide from all academic fields.

• Several major publishers (including Elsevier, Wiley–Blackwell, Springer,

Taylor & Francis, Palgrave Macmillan and Wolters Kluwer) have signed up
some, if not all, of their journals as COPE members.

• Flowcharts of detection on plagiarism

http://publicationethics.org/
 Plagiarism detection Tools
• Council of Writing Program Administrators
• Harvard College Writing Program’s Guide to Using
Sources
• iThenticate
• Plagiarism.org
• PlagTracker.com
• Turnitin
• WriteCheck
• Grammarly
 Advantages
• Prevents Plagiarism
• Engages researchers to make concerted efforts to improve the
research writings.
• can get instant feed back.
• Peer review (Reviewers can let anonymously critique and evaluate
each other’s papers).
• Identifies the different words which have been added, deleted,
or
substituted.
• Does citation verification.
 Limitations
• Cannot identify plagiarism from a non online source .
• Has problems with mathematical formulas(latex files).
• Distorts the format of the original documents: tables, graphs,
and images don’t appear.
• Does not differentiate between quoted materials and original writing
at times.
Understanding Originality Report
 Exclusions from Similarity Checks
The similarity checks for plagiarism shall exclude the following:
(i)All quoted work either falling under public domain or reproduced with
all necessary permission and/or attribution.
(ii) All references, bibliography, table of content, preface and
acknowledgements.
(iii) All small similarities of minor nature.
(iv) All generic terms, laws, standard symbols and standards equations.
 How to Avoid Plagiarism?
• Simply be honest;
• Understand what is plagiarism is? How to detect and avoid it
• Read very carefully guidelines for writing thesis /
dissertations / research papers/research and results reporting
• Must familiarize yourself with the subject
• Must know resources at your disposal
• Acknowledge the author of the original work you've used.
• How to cite a source
• Understand what doesn't need to be cited
• Put your research under Open Access-for more visibility
Must do things before start of research
work
• Attend research methodology workshop, English remedial course, training in
reference management tools, Library orientation programme etc. author
workshops and course on technical writing skills etc.
• How to read, understand, analysis and take notes from an article
ieeecss.org/CSM/library/1999/feb1999/03-studentguidetoresearch.pdf (Dennis
S Bernstein's 51 tips-Students Guide to research).
• Get account to check plagiarism, use of reference management tools, research
forums, online discussion groups.
Forums to share Research
 What is Referencing?
• What is citation
• How do I cite sources
• Doesn't citing sources make my work seem less original
• When do I need to cite
• What's a Bibliography?
• what's an Annotated Bibliography?
• What is difference between References and Bibliography?
• What are Endnotes
• What are Footnotes?
• What's the difference between Footnotes and Endnotes
• If I cite sources in the Footnotes (or Endnotes), how's that different from a
Bibliography
Create Research Diary or Research
Notes
• a balance between the ideas you have taken from other sources and your own,
original ideas.
• Take notes of referred sources- marking page numbers, record bibliographic
information or web addresses for every source.
• Note-taking
• First note source’s bibliographic information.
• Paraphrase or summarize as you go
• Put a “P” or an “S” next to paraphrases & summaries
• Use a “Q” to mark the beginning and end of passages copied directly from the text..
• Use different coloured ink for copied ideas
• Whether you paraphrase or copy direct quotations, always keep the citation/page information with the text,
so that if you decide to rearrange your notes you have a record of what came from where.
• Remember to write down not just the useful information you discover but
where you have found it too.
• It’s very difficult to backtrack later if you can’t remember which book or
website the information comes from
 Referencing – Why do it?
• Sources need to be acknowledged when you are writing
your project/Thesis / Dissertation/paper/ book/chapter etc.
• This allows your teacher to
• Check your work
• See which sources of information you have used
• Ensure you haven’t just made up the information
• This allows referees / reviewer / examiner to verify the
contents
 What to cite?
When you write some paper / dissertation or thesis you may use:
• Words;
• Opinions;
• Statistics;
• Facts;
• Information from an author or any other source, and
• Pictorial representations,
you are required to put down a footnote, quotation marks, and/or an in-text
parenthetical reference to the author. If there is no author, then state where
you found the information.
 Citation Styles
• Humanities • Social Sciences
• Chicago • AAA (American Anthropological Association)
• Writer's Handbook: Chicago Style Documentation • Citations and Bibliographic Style for Anthropology Papers
• Excellent FAQ on Usage in the Chicago Style • APA (American Psychological Association)
• Writer's Handbook: Chicago Style Documentation • Writer's Handbook: APA Style Documentation
• MLA (Modern Language Association) • APA Style.org
• Writer's Handbook: MLA Style Documentation • APSA (American Political Science Association)
• MLA Citation Style • Writer's Handbook: APSA Documentation
• Legal Style
• Sciences • Legal Citation: Using and Understanding Legal
• ACS (American Chemical Society) Abbreviations
• AMA Citation Style • Legal Research and Citation Style in the USA
• IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers) • Other
• Electrical Engineering Citation Style • General info on citing web documents
• NLM (National Library of Medicine) • Recommended Multi-Style Links
• NLM Style Guide • Recommended Multi-Style Links
• National Library of Medicine Recommended Formats
for Bibliographic Citation (PDF format)
• Vancouver (Biological Sciences)
• Introduction to the Vancouver Style
 Summarizing, Paraphrasing, and
Quoting
• Depending on the conventions of your discipline, you may have
to decide whether to…

• Scholars in the humanities tend to summarize, paraphrase, and

quote texts; social scientists and natural scientists rely primarily on
summary and paraphrase.

http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k70847&tabgroupid=icb.tabgroup108986
 Integrating Sources
In order to use a source effectively in your paper, you must
integrate it into your argument in a way that makes it clear to
your reader not only which ideas come from that source, but
also what the source is adding to your own thinking- what the
source is doing in your paper.

http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k70847&tabgroupid=icb.tabgroup108986
 Choosing Relevant Parts of a
Source
• When you use sources in a paper, remember that the main focus of your paper
should always be on what you are saying, rather than on what any
individual source is saying.

• In order to make the strongest argument you can, you should always be trying
to strike a balance between your sources and your own voice.

• When you consult multiple sources for a research paper, you might find
yourself trying to strike an even more delicate balance between the voices
of those sources and your own voice.

http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k70847&tabgroupid=icb.tabgroup108986
 When and How to Summarize

• When you summarize, you provide your readers with a condensed

version of an author’s key points. A summary can be as short as a few
sentences or much longer, depending on the complexity of the text
and the level of detail you wish to provide to your readers.

http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k70847&tabgroupid=icb.tabgroup108986
 Paraphrasing
Good paraphrases…
Know how to Paraphrase-A paraphrase is a restatement in your own words of
someone else’s ideas. Changing a few words of the original sentences does NOT
make your writing a legitimate paraphrase. You must change both the words and the
sentence structure of the original, without changing the content. Also, you should
keep in mind that paraphrased passages still require citation because the ideas came
from another source, even though you are putting them in your own words
1) change the order & structure of sentences
2) use synonyms/different forms of words
3) may change the voice or perspective

Source: http://www.academicintegrity.uoguelph.ca/
 Using Quotations
• What is quoting
• When to quote
• How much to quote
• How do I incorporate quotations in my paper
• Quoting Within Quotes
• How do I include long quotes in my paper?
• Single vs. double quotations
• Punctuating quotations
 When to Quote?
• The basic rule of thumb in all disciplines is that you should only quote
directly from a text when it’s important for your reader to see the
actual language used by the author of the source.
• When you are discussing an author’s position or theory and you plan to
discuss the wording of a core assertion or kernel of the argument in
your paper.
• When you risk losing the essence of the author’s ideas in the translation from
her words to your own.
• When you want to appeal to the authority of the author and using his or her
words will emphasize that authority.

http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k70847&tabgroupid=icb.tabgroup108986
 Using Quote- How Much?
• Generally anything beyond 4 words you should cite it.

• A quote is a word, sentence, or sentences that a writer copies exactly

from a source.

• A quote is enclosed in quotation marks (for quotes up to 39 words).

• For quotes of 40 or more words, it stands alone without quotation marks

and is indented five (5) spaces from the left margin.
 Plagiarism and Group work
• Some assignments and Assigned Practical Tasks require you
to work in groups
• Sometimes you will submit a single piece of work as a joint report
• Other times you will work together, but submit separate reports
• Remember to give credit where it is due
 Research Papers and Thesis and
Dissertations
• You may include research papers where you are the first
author written during the period of your research
• Contributions As a second author- may be used as other references
Tools for in Reference Management
and Academic Writing Skills
• Citation Machine
• CrossRef
• EasyBib
• EndNote
• Mendeley
• OWL – Research and Citation Resources
• Zotero
 Mendeley
• Mendeley is a free reference manager
• a combination of a desktop application
and a website [easy Sync]
• to manage, share and discover both
content and contacts in research
• download Mendeley for free
• quick & simple installation
• add all your PDFs (Articles, Book
Chapters, etc.)
• organize, cite and collaborate…
• works on Windows, Mac & Linux
• free and fully compatible with Windows
Word 2003 – 2010, Mac Word 2008 – 2011,
LibreOffice and BibTex
 Zotero
 Free (open source), easy-to-use
bibliographic reference manager
 Helps researchers collect, organize,
cite, and share your research sources
 Can be downloaded from
address below
 Uses various web browsers but
is written for Mozilla Firefox.
 Also able to download from the
link
www.zotero.org/
Theses and dissertations have long been regarded as the bedrock of graduate education. They
are scholarly works that take years to research and write … However, the vast majority of
these works languish in obscurity in college and university libraries and archives. The best way
to bring this research to light is to publish it electronically and give to students and researchers
free and open access to theses documents via the World Wide Web.

Fineman, Yale. (2003). Electronic theses and dissertations. Libraries and the academy, 3(2), 219-
227.
Have a Plagiarism Policy for your
University /Institute?
• Preamble
• UGC Regulations 2018
• Infrastructure
• Awareness
• Constitution of DAIP and IAIP
• Plagiarism Guide
• What is Plagiarism?
• Types of Plagiarism
• How to detect
• Plagiarism FAQs
• How to Avoid? Plagiarism Prevention Guidelines for Students
• How to Avoid? Plagiarism Prevention Guidelines for Educators
• What is Citation
• How to Cite Sources
• Listing References
• Citation Styles
• Counselling
• Important Terms
 UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION (PROMOTION OF
ACADEMIC INTEGRITY AND PREVENTION OF PLAGIARISM IN
HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS) REGULATIONS, 2018

• Introductions • Similarities upto 10% - excluded

• Awareness and training • Level 1: Similarities above 10%
• Curbing Plagiarism to 40%
• Detection • Level 2: Similarities above 40%
to 60%
• Academic Integrity Panel
• -Departmental
• Level 3: Similarities above 60%
• Institutional
• Penalties
 Conclusions

• Understand why students or • Teach them about how to

educator cheat? detect plagiarism
• Educate them about plague • Teach them about how to
of avoid
plagiarism. What is plagiarism
plagiarism? • Develop an institutional framework
• Tell them benefits of citing i.e. Plagiarism policy, open access
sources policy, workshop and training, and
• Let them know about the proper guidelines
• Strengthen your Library
penalties and consequences by
citing examples and
Information systems and integrate it
with your research
process.
Librarians are best trained
in dealing with such issues
Acknowledgements and Declaration
by Presenter
• I would like express my sincere thanks to Authors of various Internet
sources used to prepare this presentation.
• Wherever possible the links have been provided. However
any omission is duly regretted.
• The presentation is mainly prepared to create an awareness amongst
students and researchers about the plague of plagiarism.
• These slides have been/being used in my various talks
and
presentations both online and offline