Dr. Rameswara Reddy.K.

PYTHON STRINGS Associate Professor

Dept.of CSE
GPREC
WHAT IS STRING?
The most commonly used object in any project and in any programming language
is String only.
Any sequence of characters within either single quotes or double quotes is
considered as a String.
Syntax:
s=‘Ram'
s=“Shriyaan"
Eg: ch='a'
type(ch)
HOW TO DEFINE MULTI-LINE
STRING LITERALS
We can define multi-line String literals by using triple single or double quotes.
We can also use triple quotes to use single quotes or double quotes as symbol inside String
literal.
Eg:
s='This is ' single quote symbol' ==>invalid
s='This is \' single quote symbol' ==>valid
s="This is ' single quote symbol"====>valid
s='This is " double quotes symbol' ==>valid
s=‘hello “GPREC” ‘CSE-A’ students' ==>invalid
s=“hello “GPREC” ‘CSE-A’ students” ==>invalid
HOW TO ACCESS
CHARACTERS OF A STRING:
We can access characters of a string by using the following ways.
1. By using index
2. By using slice operator
By using index:
Python supports both +ve and -ve index.
+ve index means left to right(Forward direction)
-ve index means right to left(Backward direction)
Eg:
>>> s=‘Shriyaan'
>>> s[0]
‘S'
>>> s[4]
‘y'
>>> s[-1]
‘n'
>>> s[10]
IndexError: string index out of range
ACCESSING CHARACTERS BY
USING SLICE OPERATOR
Syntax: s[beginindex:endindex:step]
beginindex:From where we have to consider slice(substring)
endindex: We have to terminate the slice(substring) at endindex-1
step: incremented value
>>> s="Learning Python is very very easy!!!"
>>> s[1:7:1]
'earnin'
>>> s[1:7]
'earnin'
>>> s[1:7:2]
'eri'
>>> s[:7]
'Learnin'
>>> s[7:]
'g Python is very very easy!!!'
>>> s[::]
'Learning Python is very very easy!!!'
>>> s[:]
'Learning Python is very very easy!!!'
>>> s[::-1]
'!!!ysae yrev yrev si nohtyP gninraeL'
In forward direction:
default value for begin: 0
default value for end: length of string
default value for step: +1
In backward direction:
default value for begin: -1
default value for end: -(length of string+1)
MATHEMATICAL OPERATORS
FOR STRING:
We can apply the following mathematical operators for Strings.
1. + operator for concatenation
2. * operator for repetition
print(“CSE-A”+” Students”)
print(“CSE”*2)
CHECKING MEMBERSHIP:
We can check whether the character or string is the member of another string or not
by using in and not in operators
s=‘Shriyaan'
print(‘h' in s) #True
print('z' in s) #False
s=input("Enter main string:")
subs=input("Enter sub string:")
if subs in s:
print(subs,"is found in main string")
else:
print(subs,"is not found in main string")
LEN()
We can use len() function to find the number of characters present in the string
Eg:
s=‘Shriyaan'
print(len(s)) #8
WRITE A PROGRAM TO ACCESS EACH CHARACTER
OF STRING IN FORWARD AND BACKWARD
DIRECTION BY USING WHILE LOOP?
s="Learning Python is very easy !!!"
n=len(s)
i=0
print("Forward direction")
while i<n:
print(s[i],end=' ')
i +=1
print("Backward direction")
i=-1
while i>=-n:
print(s[i],end=' ')
i=i-1
s="Learning Python is very easy !!!"
print("Forward direction")
for i in s:
print(i,end=' ')
print("Forward direction")
for i in s[::]:
print(i,end=' ')
print("Backward direction")
for i in s[::-1]:
print(i,end=' ')
COMPARISON OF STRINGS
We can use comparison operators (<,<=,>,>=) and equality operators(==,!=) for strings.
Comparison will be performed based on alphabetical order.
Eg:
s1=input("Enter first string:")
s2=input("Enter Second string:")
if s1==s2:
print("Both strings are equal")
elif s1<s2:
print("First String is less than Second String")
else:
print("First String is greater than Second String")
FINDING SUBSTRINGS:
For forward direction:
find()
index()
For backward direction:
rfind()
rindex()
FIND():
s.find(substring)
Returns index of first occurrence of the given substring. If it is not available
then we will get -1
Eg:
s="Learning Python is very easy"
print(s.find("Python")) #9
print(s.find("Java")) # -1
print(s.find("r"))#3
print(s.rfind("r"))#21
Note: By default find() method can search total string. We can also specify
the boundaries to
search.
s.find(substring,bEgin,end)
It will always search from bEgin index to end-1 index
Eg:
1) s="durgaravipavanshiva"
2) print(s.find('a'))#4
3) print(s.find('a',7,15))#10
4) print(s.find('z',7,15))#-1
INDEX() METHOD:
index() method is exactly same as find() method except that if the specified substring
is not available then we will get ValueError.
Eg:
s=input("Enter main string:")
subs=input("Enter sub string:")
try:
n=s.index(subs)
except ValueError:
print("substring not found")
else:
print("substring found")
PROGRAM TO DISPLAY ALL POSITIONS
OF SUBSTRING IN A GIVEN MAIN STRING
s=input("Enter main string:")
subs=input("Enter sub string:")
flag=False
pos=-1
n=len(s)
while True:
pos=s.find(subs,pos+1,n)
if pos==-1:
break
print("Found at position",pos)
flag=True
if flag==False:
print("Not Found")
COUNTING SUBSTRING IN THE
GIVEN STRING:
We can find the number of occurrences of substring present in the given string by using
count()
method.
1. s.count(substring) ==> It will search through out the string
2. s.count(substring, bEgin, end) ===> It will search from begin index to end-1 index
Eg:
s="abcabcabcabcadda"
print(s.count('a')) #6
print(s.count('ab')) #4
print(s.count('a',3,7))#2
REPLACING A STRING WITH
ANOTHER STRING:
s.replace(oldstring,newstring)
inside s, every occurrence of oldstring will be replaced with newstring.
Eg:
s="Learning Python is very difficult"
s1=s.replace("difficult","easy")
print(s1)
Output:
Learning Python is very easy
TO CHECK TYPE OF
CHARACTERS PRESENT IN A
STRING:
Python contains the following methods for this purpose.
isalnum(): Returns True if all characters are alphanumeric( a to z , A to Z ,0 to9 )
isalpha(): Returns True if all characters are only alphabet symbols(a to z,A to Z)
isdigit(): Returns True if all characters are digits only( 0 to 9)
islower(): Returns True if all characters are lower case alphabet symbols
isupper(): Returns True if all characters are upper case alphabet symbols
isspace(): Returns True if string contains only spaces
istitle(): Returns True if string is in title case
Eg:
print(‘Ram123'.isalnum()) #True
print(‘ram786'.isalpha()) #False
print(‘ram'.isalpha()) #True
print(‘ram'.isdigit()) #False
print('786786'.isdigit()) #True
print('abc'.islower()) #True
print('Abc'.islower()) #False
print('abc123'.islower()) #True
print('ABC'.isupper()) #True
print('Learning python is Easy'.istitle()) #False
print('Learning Python Is Easy'.istitle()) #True
print(' '.isspace()) #True
CHANGING CASE OF A
STRING:
We can change case of a string by using the following 4 methods.
1. upper()===>To convert all characters to upper case
2. lower() ===>To convert all characters to lower case
3. swapcase()===>converts all lower case characters to upper case and all
upper case characters to lower case
4. title() ===>To convert all character to title case. i.e first character in every
word should be upper case and all remaining characters should be in lower
case.
5. capitalize() ==>Only first character will be converted to upper case and all
remaining characters can be converted to lower case
Eg:
s='learning Python is very Easy'
print(s.upper())
print(s.lower())
print(s.swapcase())
print(s.title())
print(s.capitalize())
Output:
LEARNING PYTHON IS VERY EASY
learning python is very easy
LEARNING pYTHON IS VERY eASY
Learning Python Is Very Easy
Learning python is very easy
SPLITTING OF STRINGS:
We can split the given string according to specified seperator by using split() method.
l=s.split(seperator)
The default seperator is space. The return type of split() method is List
Eg1:
s=“GPREC CSE Students"
l=s.split()
for x in l:
print(x)
Output:
GPREC
CSE
Students
JOINING OF STRINGS:
We can join a group of strings(list or tuple) wrt the given seperator.
s=seperator.join(group of strings)
Eg:
t=('sunny','bunny','chinny')
s='-'.join(t)
print(s)
Output: sunny-bunny-chinny
Eg:
l=['hyderabad','singapore','london','dubai']
s=':'.join(l)
print(s)
Output:
hyderabad:singapore:london:dubai
FORMATTING THE STRINGS:
We can format the strings with variable values by using replacement operator {} and
format()
method.
Eg:
name=‘Ram'
salary=100000
age=39
print("{} 's salary is {} and his age is {}".format(name,salary,age))
print("{0} 's salary is {1} and his age is {2}".format(name,salary,age))
print("{x} 's salary is {y} and his age is {z}".format(z=age,y=salary,x=name))
1. Create a string made of the first, middle and last
character
Input : Shriyaan
Output: Syn
str1 = ‘Shriyaan'
print("Original String is", str1)
res = str1[0]
l = len(str1)
mi = int(l / 2)
res = res + str1[mi]
res = res + str1[l - 1]
print("New String:", res)
Write a program to create a new string made of the middle three characters of an
input string.
i/p: Original String is Hyderabad
o/p: Middle three chars are: era
i/p : Original String is Bangalore
o/p: Middle three chars are: gal
def get_middle_three_chars(str1):
print("Original String is", str1)
mi = int(len(str1) / 2)
res = str1[mi - 1:mi + 2]
print("Middle three chars are:", res)

get_middle_three_chars(“Hyderabad")
get_middle_three_chars(“Bangalore")
Given two strings, s1 and s2. Write a program to create a new string s3 by appending
s2 in the middle of s1.
I/P:
Original Strings are Shriyaan Ram
O/P:
After appending new string in middle: ShriRamyaan
def append_middle(s1, s2):
print("Original Strings are", s1, s2)
mi = int(len(s1) / 2)
x = s1[:mi]
x = x + s2
x = x + s1[mi:]
print("After appending new string in middle:", x)

append_middle(“Shriyaan", “Ram")
Given two strings, s1 and s2, write a program to return a new string made of s1 and
s2’s first, middle, and last characters.
I/P:
s1 = "America"
s2 = "Japan“

O/P: AJrpan
def mix_string(s1, s2):
first_char = s1[0] + s2[0]
middle_char = s1[int(len(s1) / 2)] + s2[int(len(s2) / 2)]
last_char = s1[len(s1) - 1] + s2[len(s2) - 1]
res = first_char + middle_char + last_char
print("Mix String is ", res)

s1 = "America"
s2 = "Japan"
mix_string(s1, s2)
Given string contains a combination of the lower and upper case
letters. Write a program to arrange the characters of a string so that
all lowercase letters should come first.
i/p:
str1 = GPreC

o/p: reGPC
str1 = "GPreC"
print('Original String:', str1)
lower = []
upper = []
for char in str1:
if char.islower():
lower.append(char)
else:
upper.append(char)

sorted_str = ''.join(lower + upper)

print('Result:', sorted_str)
Count all letters, digits, and special symbols from a given string

i/p: str1 = "P@#yn26at^&i5ve“

o/p:
Chars = 8
Digits = 3
Symbol = 4
def find_digits_chars_symbols(sample_str):
char_count = 0
digit_count = 0
symbol_count = 0
for char in sample_str:
if char.isalpha():
char_count += 1
elif char.isdigit():
digit_count += 1
# if it is not letter or digit then it is special symbol
else:
symbol_count += 1
print("Chars =", char_count, "Digits =", digit_count, "Symbol =", symbol_count)
sample_str = "P@yn2at&#i5ve"
print("total counts of chars, Digits, and symbols \n")
find_digits_chars_symbols(sample_str)
Given a string s1, write a program to return the sum and average of the digits that
appear in the string, ignoring all other characters.

i/p: str1 = "Pythonclass29@#8496“

o/p: Sum is: 38

Average is 6.333333333333333
input_str = "Pythonclass29@#8496"
total = 0
cnt = 0
for char in input_str:
if char.isdigit():
total += int(char)
cnt += 1

avg = total / cnt

print("Sum is:", total, "Average is ", avg)
Write a program to split a given string on hyphens and display each substring
i/p: Shriyaan-is-a-data-scientist
o/p:
Shriyaan
is
a
data
scientist
str1 = "Shriyaan-is-a-data-scientist"
print("Original String is:", str1)
sub_strings = str1.split("-")
print("Displaying each substring")
for sub in sub_strings:
print(sub)
Write a program to display the largest word in the given string
str=input(“enter any string”)
L=str.split()
max=0
b=“ ”
for i in L:
if len(i)>max:
b=i
max=len(i)
Print (“longest word is”,b)
Write a Python program to remove duplicate words from a given string
str = "Python Exercises Practice Solution Exercises"
l = str.split()
temp = []
for x in l:
if x not in temp:
temp.append(x)
print("After Removing Duplicates :\n\t",' '.join(temp))
Write a Python program to swap cases of a given string
str="professor Shriyaan Computer Education"
res = ""
for ch in str:
if ch.isupper():
res += ch.lower()
else:
res += ch.upper()
print(res)
ch='p'
str="professor Shriyaan Computer programmer"
print("Original String :",str)
res = str.replace(ch, "")
print("Delete All Occurrences Specified Given
String :",res)
Write a Python function to convert a given string to all
uppercase if it contains at least 2 uppercase characters in
the first 4 characters
str = input("Enter the String :")
num_upper = 0
for letter in str[:4]:
if letter.isupper():
num_upper += 1
if num_upper >= 2:
print(str.upper())
else:
print(str)
Write a Python function to reverses a string if its length is a
multiple of 4
str=input("Enter the String :")
if len(str) % 4 == 0:
print(str[::-1])
else:
print(str)