CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
Introducing Dynamic Chemical
Equilibruim
Beaker A Beaker B
𝑯 𝟐 𝑶 (𝒍) ⟶ 𝑯 𝟐 𝑶 (𝒈) 𝑯 𝟐 𝑶 (𝒍) ⇌ 𝑯 𝟐 𝑶( 𝒈)
Introducing concept of chemical equilibr
ium
Conditions for Dynamic Equilibrium to exist.
• The reaction must be reversible
• The system must be Isolated (“closed”)
• The equilibrium must be dynamic (The rate of
the forward reaction equals the rate of the
reverse reaction).
Definitions
• Open System
• closed systems
• A reversible reaction
• Dynamic Chemical equilibrium
• Isolated System
Points for Discussion
• The difference between open system and closed system
• The difference between static chemical equilibrium and
dynamic chemical equilibrium
• Are the terms closed system and isolated system synonymous?
Factors affecting the position of Dynamic Chemical
Equilibrium
• Pressure (gases only)
Point for discussion
{ Does equilibrium for heterogeneous reactions containing a gas/gases
also influenced by change in pressure or it must be equilibrium for
homogeneous reactions?}
Reaction A:
Reaction B:
• Concentration
Point for discussion
Does change of mass influence the position of chemical equilibrium?
• Temperature
Equilibrium Constant
• State Law of mass action (Definition of Equilibrium Constant)
• The product of the concentration of the products divided by the product of
the concentration of the reactants raise to the powers of their respective
coefficients that is a constant
• Temperature is said to be the only factor which change the value of chemical
equilibrium constant.
Point of discussion
How does increase/decrease in temperature influence the value of Kc
for exothermic reaction
How does increase/decrease in temperature influence the value of Kc
for endothermic reaction
Explain the significance of high and low values of the equilibrium
constant.
Application of equilibrium principles
• State Le Chatelier's principle:
When the equilibrium in a closed system is disturbed, the
system will re-instate a new equilibrium by favouring the
reaction that will oppose the disturbance.
• Points for Discussion
– Facts to be mentioned when explaining using Le Chatelier’s
Principle the change in Temperature, Pressure or
Concentration in a dynamic chemical equilibrium.
Decrease
Increase in Temperature
Decrease exothermic
• Increase in temperature, favours endothermic reaction.
• The reverse exothermic
Forwardreaction is endothermic reaction
• Then reverse
Forwardreaction is favoured.
• Conclusion: More of the reactants will be formed and amount of
Product
product will decrease.
Reactants
Decrease
Increase in Pressure
Decrease
• Increase in pressure, favours the reaction which will produce the least
number of moles of a gas
most
Reverse most
• The forward reaction produces the least number of moles
• The forward
Reversereaction is favoured
• More of the product will be formed and the amount of reactants will
Product
Reactants
decrease.
Decrease Increase in concentration of Ammonia
Decrease
• Increase in concentration of NH3 , favour the reaction which will consume NH3
Produce
• The reverse reaction is favoured
Forward
• More of the reactants is formed and amount of product will decrease
Product Reactants
Activity 1
The thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate is an example of a
heterogeneous equilibrium. The decomposition that takes place in a
closed container can be represented by the following equation:
Initially of is placed in a closed container and then heated.
Equilibrium is reached at
1. Calculate the mass of unreacted that remains in the container
at equilibrium if for the reaction is 0.0108 at
2. It is found that the value of increases when the container is
heated to higher temperature. Is the forward reaction
exothermic or endothermic? Use Le chatelier’s principle to
explain your answer.
3. The volume of the container is now decreased to while the
temperature is kept constant.
How will each of the following be affected:
(a) Number of moles of
(b) The concentration of at new equilibrium.
GRAPHS
• Concentration Versus Time graphs
• Rate Versus Time graphs
Concentration vs Time Graph
Change 1
Change 4
𝑁2
Concentration in mol/dm³
𝐻2
Change 2 Change 3
𝑁𝐻 3
Time in seconds
𝑁 2 ( 𝑔 ) +3 𝐻 2 ( 𝑔 ) ⇌ 2 𝑁𝐻 3 ( 𝑔 ) + h𝑒𝑎𝑡
Rate Versus Time graphs
Change 5 Change 6
Change 3
Change 2 Change 4
Rate in mol/dm³
Change 1
Time in seconds
𝑁 2 ( 𝑔 ) +3 𝐻 2 ( 𝑔 ) ⇌ 2 𝑁𝐻 3 ( 𝑔 ) + h𝑒𝑎𝑡
Calculations Involving Equilibrium Constants
• RICE table or ICE table
Activity 2
5 moles of hydrogen gas and 5 moles of iodine vapour
are sealed in a 2dm3 vessel at a temperature of 600K.
The reaction reaches equilibrium according to the
following balanced chemical equation:
H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g)
a) Calculate the concentration of the hydrogen Iodide
at equilibrium if the equilibrium constant , Kc, at 600
K is 0.36.
H2 I2 HI
Initial moles 5 5 0
Moles
reacted/formed 𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥
Moles at
equilibrium 5 − 𝑥 5 − 𝑥2 𝑥
Concentration at 2𝑥
Equilibrium
5 − 𝑥
5 − 𝑥 =𝑥
2 2
2
2
( 𝑦)
𝐾 𝑐 = 0.36=
( )( ) 𝑥=[ 𝐻𝐼 ] =1.15 𝑚𝑜𝑙 . 𝑑𝑚
5−𝑦 5−𝑦 −3
2 2
