Filtration

Chapter -5
 Filtration

Removal of solid particles from a fluid by passing it

through a septum on which the solids are deposited

2 06/14/2024
 4. Solid Deposition
In the form of cake on the septum
Or
Trapped inside the pores of the septum

3 06/14/2024
 Example

 The solid remaining in the

filter paper is called the
residue.
 The residue can be dried
by spreading it out on the
filter paper and allowing
the liquid to evaporate.
 The liquid which has
passed through the filter
paper is called the filtrate.

4 06/14/2024
 How filtration is
done?
Fluid flows through the filter medium by virtue of
pressure difference across the medium.
Through Feed Side
 Pump
 Blower
 Liquid height of column etc
Through Product Side
By generating Vacuum

5 06/14/2024
 Types of filtration
Two basic types of filtration are
1. Cake filtration  Solid particles form a layer of
solids on filtering media (called as cake).
2. Deep or Depth bed filtration  Solid particles
are caught inside the pores of filtering media.

6 06/14/2024
 1. Cake Filtration
Solid particles are retained on septum as a layer of
solids called as “cake”

7 06/14/2024
 2. Deep Bed
Filtration
Further of two types
a) Clarifying filtration
b) Cross flow filtration

8 06/14/2024
 a. Clarifying
Filtration
Solid particles are trapped inside the septum

9 06/14/2024
 b. Cross flow
Filtration
Some of the liquid passes through the septum
leaving behind conc. solution

10 06/14/2024
11 06/14/2024
 Factors affecting Rate of
Filtration
Drop in pressure from the feed to the far side of
septum
Area of the filtering surface
Viscosity of the solution
Resistance of the filter cake

12 06/14/2024
 Filter Media
Common names

Filter Paper
Membrane
Screen
Porous Solids

Desired Properties
Good Filtration
Should not Plug
Chemically Resistant
Physically Strong
Cheap
13 06/14/2024
 Material of construction of filter
media
 Woven Materials (Cotton, Wool, Silk etc)
 Perforated Metal Sheeting
 Granular Materials (Sand, Asbestos etc)
 Porous Solid
 Felted-Fiber materials (Porous Paper)

14 06/14/2024
 Filter Media
Structure

• Cloth • Metal

15 06/14/2024
 Filter Aids
o Filter aids are granular solids which are used in
combination with filtration to enhance rate of
filtration. For example, Diatomaceous silica,
perlite, purified wood cellulose etc.
o Filter aids are used in two different ways:
 Added before filtration
 As a pre-coat

16 06/14/2024
 Filter Aids
 Added before filtration
This increases the porosity of the cake and reduces
resistance of the cake during filtration.
 As a pre-coat
They can be used as a precoat before the slurry is filtered.
This will prevent solids from plugging the filter medium
and also give a clearer filtrate.

Use of filter aids is usually limited to cases where the cake

is discarded.

17 06/14/2024
 Types of Filters

18 06/14/2024
 Classification of
Filters
Filters are classified on following three different
basis:
I. Mechanism
II. The driving force
III. Operation

19
 On the basis of
1. Cakemechanism
filters
2. Clarifying filters
3. Cross flow filters

On the basis of driving

force
1. Pressure Filters
2. Vacuum filters
3. Centrifugal filters

On the basis of operation

1. Continuous filters
2. Batch or discontinuous filters

20
 Classification of
filters
Pressure filters  Pressure applied at feed side
Vacuum filters  Vacuum applied at product side
Centrifugal separators  Spinning the slurry to
force separation
Continuous filters  Flow of fluid and discharge
of solids (cake) is continuous or uninterrupted.
Batch filters Flow of fluid is continuous but it
has to be interrupted to permit discharging of the
accumulated solids.

21 06/14/2024
 Cake filters
They can be pressure filters (filter press, shell &
leaf filter)
Or they can operate under vacuum (rotary drum
filter)
Or cake filtration can be carried in centrifugal
filters (suspended batch centrifuges)

Either type can be batch or continuous.

22 06/14/2024
 1.Filter Press
 Pressure filter operate in batch mode
 Sets of plates (circular or square)
 Plate faces covered by septum
 Slurry enters at one end
 Solids (cake) collect in chamber and liquid pass out
 ‘Jammed’ filter
 Wash liquid, air or steam used to remove residual
liquid
 Press opened and cake removed
 Washing is time consuming and labor intensive

23 06/14/2024
 Filter Press

Pink : Plates
Yellow : filter
Cloth
Blue : Filtrate

24 06/14/2024
 Filter Press

25 06/14/2024
 2. Shell and leaf
filter
 Pressure filter operating in batch mode
 Stack of leaves inside the closed tank
 Feed enters in the side of the tank
 Pass through leaves covered with filter
 Liquid leaves into discharge manifold
 Cake is removed by gravity force and vibration
 Cake is effectively removed and economize labor

26 06/14/2024
 3. Shell and leaf
filter

27 06/14/2024
 Shell and leaf filter cake
disposal

28 06/14/2024
 3. Rotary Drum
 Vacuum Filter
filter with continuous operation
 Drum turns at 0.1 – 2 rpm in slurry trough
 Filter covers the face of the drum
 Rotary drum filter has four zones:
1. Filtering zone
2. Washing and drying zone
3. Cake removal zone
4. Dead zone
 Vacuum is applied in first two zones
 Permeate and washing liquid discharge into separate
compartments
 Doctor blade is used in third zone
29 06/14/2024
 Rotary Drum Filter

30 06/14/2024
 Rotary Drum Filter

31 06/14/2024
 Rotary Drum Filter

32 06/14/2024
 Rotary Drum Filter

33 06/14/2024
 4. Suspended Batch
Centrifuge
 Centrifugal filter operating in batch mode
 Perforated baskets 750 – 1200 mm in dia. and 18 – 30
inch deep
 Basket rotates at 750 – 1200 rpm
 Feed taken from inlet is centrifuged
 Clear liquid pass out leaving behind solid cake in basket
 Wash liquid sprayed to remove soluble solids and cake
dried
 For cake removal, basket is turned at 30 – 50 rpm and
cake is cut off with unloader knife

34 06/14/2024
 Suspended Batch
Centrifuge

35 06/14/2024
 Clarifying
Filtration

36 06/14/2024
 Clarifying Filtration
Removal of the Small amounts of solids or liquids
droplets from the fluids.

Principle of
•
Clarification
Particles are trapped inside the filter media or on its
surfaces
• Caught by the surface forces
• Reduce the active dia. of the channel

37 06/14/2024
 Liquid Clarification: Cartridge

Filter
Series of thin disks with close clearances in a vertical
stack
Disks carried on a vertical hollow shaft
Liquid admitted under pressure
Trapping of the solids between disks
Liquid flows out through the casing
Comb cleaner pass between the disks and drop solids
to the bottom of casing

38 06/14/2024
 Cartridge Filter

39 06/14/2024
40 06/14/2024
 Gas Clarification
For atmospheric dust – Pad filters
For process dusts – Bag Filters

41 06/14/2024
 Pad Filter
Air passed through pads of filter media
Pad may be dry or coated with viscous oil
For light duty – pads are disposable
For heavy duty – reused by rinsing and recoating

Before After

42 06/14/2024
 Bag Filter or Bag

House
Contains one or more large bags of fabric material
inside metal casing
Dust laden gas enters the filter at the bottom
Solid particles trap inside the bag and clean gas leave
at the top
Solids are discharged by shaking mechanism

43 06/14/2024
44 06/14/2024
 Cross flow
Filtration

45 06/14/2024
 Definition
Filtration in which flow of the suspension is parallel to the
filtering media used to get concentrated slurry

46 06/14/2024
 Cross flow filtration
Operation
The feed is passed across the filter membrane at
positive pressure relative to the permeate side. A
proportion of the material which is smaller than the
membrane pore size passes through the membrane
as permeate or filtrate; everything else is retained
on the feed side of the membrane as retentate.

47 06/14/2024
48 06/14/2024
Difference b/w cross flow & Conventional filtration

Cross Flow Filtration Conventional Filtration

1. Flow of fluid is parallel 1. Flow of fluid is
to the surface perpendicular to the
2. Majority of the feed surface
travels across the 2. Solids in the feed trap
surface of the filter inside the filter or retain
3. Process feed remains in on the filter
the form of a mobile 3. Process feed is
slurry, suitable for transformed into solid
further processing cake & filtrate
4. It is possible to 4. It is simply the
fractionate particles by separation of solids
size from liquids, no
fractionation

49 06/14/2024
50 06/14/2024
 Performance of cross flow
 filtration
Fouling of the membrane
 Permeate flux
 Percent rejection
 Back flushing
 Factors for optimizing permeate flux
1. Trans-membrane pressure
2. Shear rate

51 06/14/2024
 Types of cross flow filtration
Reverse Osmosis
Microfiltration
Ultrafiltration
Nanofiltration

52 06/14/2024
 Reverse Osmosis
The pressure driven transport of solvent from a solution
through a membrane is known as reverse osmosis

Applications
Separating low-molecular-weight substances in
solution
Concentrating
Cleaning wastewater
Demineralization

53 06/14/2024
 Points of discussion
Osmosis
Osmotic pressure
Reveres Osmosis

54 06/14/2024
 Micro filtration
Used for the particles in the size range of 0.1- 5 μm.

Applications

• Fermentation
• Biomass clarification
and recovery

55 06/14/2024
 Ultra filtration
Used for the particles in the size range from 1μm down
to 10-3 μm.

Applications
 used in the fractionation of milk as well as protein
fractionation

56 06/14/2024
 Nano filtration
Used for the particles up to 1nm
Nanofiltration is the process with the characteristics
b/w those of Ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis.
Applications
Pharmaceutical processing
Water treatment

57 06/14/2024