Chapter:1

Introduction to Object Oriented

Programming Concepts
Evaluation of Software
 First-Generation Language
• The first-generation languages are also called machine
languages/ 1G language. This language is machine-
dependent. The machine language statements are written
in binary code (0/1 form) because the computer can
understand only binary language.
• Advantages :
– Fast & efficient as statements are directly written in binary
language.
– No translator is required.
• Disadvantages :
– Difficult to learn binary codes.
– Difficult to understand – both programs & where the error
occurred.
 Second Generation Language
• The second-generation languages are also called assembler languages/
2G languages. Assembly language contains human-readable notations
that can be further converted to machine language using an assembler.
• Assembler – converts assembly level instructions to machine-level
instructions.
• Programmers can write the code using symbolic instruction codes that
are meaningful abbreviations of mnemonics. It is also known as low-
level language.
• Advantages :
– It is easier to understand if compared to machine language.
– Modifications are easy.
– Correction & location of errors are easy.
• Disadvantages :
– Assembler is required.
– This language is architecture /machine-dependent, with a different instruction
set for different machines.
 Third-Generation Language
• The third generation is a programming language designed to be easier
for human to understand. It consists of the use of a series of English-
like words that humans can understand easily, to write instructions.
It’s also called High-Level Programming Language. For execution, a
program in this language needs to be translated into machine
language using a Compiler/ Interpreter. PASCAL, FORTRAN and
COBOL, are early examples of this sort of language. Most modern
language (BASIC, C C++, Java etc.)are also third generation
languages.
• Advantages :
– Use of English-like words makes it a human-understandable language.
– Lesser number of lines of code as compared to the above 2 languages.
– Same code can be copied to another machine & executed on that machine
by using compiler-specific to that machine.
• Disadvantages :
– Compiler/ interpreter is needed.
– Different compilers are needed for different machines.
 Fourth Generation Language
• The fourth-generation language is designed to be closer
to natural language than a 3GL language.4GL are non-
procedural in nature. It enables users to access the
database. Examples: SQL, Foxpro, Focus, etc.
• These languages are also human-friendly to understand.
• Advantages :
– Easy to understand & learn.
– Less time is required for application creation.
– It is less prone to errors.
• Disadvantages :
– Memory consumption is high.
– Has poor control over Hardware.
FIFTH GENERATION LANGUAGE
• The fifth-generation languages are also called 5GL. It is
based on the concept of artificial intelligence. It uses the
concept that rather than solving a problem algorithmically,
an application can be built to solve it based on some
constraints, i.e., we make computers learn to solve any
problem. Parallel Processing & superconductors are used for
this type of language to make real artificial intelligence.
– Examples: PROLOG, LISP, etc.
• Advantages :
– Machines can make decisions.
– Programmer effort reduces to solve a problem.
– Easier than 3GL or 4GL to learn and use.
• Disadvantages :
– Complex and long code.
Introduction of Programming Paradigms

Paradigm can also be termed as method to solve some

problem or do some task. Programming paradigm is an
approach to solve problem using some programming
language or also we can say it is a method to solve a
problem using tools and techniques that are available to
us following some approach. There are lots for
programming language that are known but all of them
need to follow some strategy when they are implemented
and this methodology/strategy is paradigms. Apart from
varieties of programming language there are lots of
paradigms to fulfill each and every demand.
 Procedural programming paradigm
• This paradigm emphasizes on procedure in terms of
under lying machine model. There is no difference in
between procedural and imperative approach. It has the
ability to reuse the code and it was boon at that time
when it was in use because of its reusability.
• Examples of Procedural programming paradigm: C :
developed by Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson C++ :
developed by Bjarne Stroustrup Java : developed by
James Gosling at Sun Microsystems ColdFusion :
developed by J J Allaire Pascal : developed by Niklaus
Wirth
 Object oriented programming –
• The program is written as a collection of classes and object which are meant
for communication. The smallest and basic entity is object and all kind of
computation is performed on the objects only. More emphasis is on data
rather procedure. It can handle almost all kind of real life problems which
are today in scenario.
• Advantages:
– Data security
– Inheritance
– Code reusability
– Flexible and abstraction is also present
• Examples:
– Simula : first OOP language
– Java : developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems
– C++ : developed by Bjarne Stroustrup
– Objective-C : designed by Brad Cox
– Visual Basic .NET : developed by Microsoft
– Python : developed by Guido van Rossum
– Ruby : developed by Yukihiro Matsumoto
 OOPs
(Object-Oriented Programming System)
• Object means a real-world entity such as a pen, chair, table,
computer, watch, etc.
• Object-Oriented Programming is a methodology or
paradigm to design a program using classes and objects. It
simplifies software development and maintenance by
providing some concepts:
 Object
• Any entity that has state and behavior is
known as an object. For example, a
chair, pen, table, keyboard, bike, etc. It
can be physical or logical.
• An Object can be defined as an instance
of a class.
• An object contains an address and takes
up some space in memory.
• Objects can communicate without
knowing the details of each other's data
or code.
• The only necessary thing is the type of
message accepted and the type of
response returned by the objects.
• Example: A dog is an object because it
has states like color, name, breed, etc. as
well as behaviors like wagging the tail,
barking, eating, etc.
 Class
• Collection of objects is called class. It is a logical entity.
• A class can also be defined as a blueprint from which you
can create an individual object. Class doesn't consume
any space.
 Inheritance
• When one object acquires all the properties
and behaviors of a parent object, it is known
as inheritance. It provides code reusability. It
is used to achieve runtime polymorphism.
 Polymorphism
• If one task is performed in different
ways, it is known as
polymorphism. For example: to
convince the customer differently,
to draw something, for example,
shape, triangle, rectangle, etc.
• In Java, we use method
overloading and method overriding
to achieve polymorphism.
• Another example can be to speak
something; for example, a cat
speaks meow, dog barks woof, etc.
 Abstraction
• Hiding internal details and
showing functionality is
known as abstraction. For
example phone call, we
don't know the internal
processing.
• In Java, we use abstract
class and interface to
achieve abstraction.
 Encapsulation
• Binding (or wrapping) code and
data together into a single unit are
known as encapsulation. For
example, a capsule, it is wrapped
with different medicines.
• A java class is the example of
encapsulation. Java bean is the
fully encapsulated class because all
the data members are private here.
Advantage of OOPs over Procedure-oriented
programming language
• OOPs makes development and maintenance easier,
whereas, in a procedure-oriented programming
language, it is not easy to manage if code grows as
project size increases.
• OOPs provides data hiding, whereas, in a procedure-
oriented programming language, global data can be
accessed from anywhere.
• OOPs provides the ability to simulate real-world
event much more effectively. We can provide the
solution of real word problem if we are using the
Object-Oriented Programming language
What is the difference between an
object-oriented programming
language and object-based
programming language?
Object-based programming language follows
all the features of OOPs except Inheritance.
JavaScript and VBScript are examples of
object-based programming languages.