ELECTRIC CIRCUITS THEORY

ELE 213
2023–2024 , FIRST SEMESTER
GENERAL OBJECTIVES

By the end of this course, you should be able to:

1. Analyze AC circuits using different theorems
2. Solve graphically DC circuits with nonlinear elements
3. Analyze two-port networks
4. Perform transient analysis of basic circuits
5. Perform harmonic analysis
6. Design filter circuits
ANALYZE AC CIRCUITS USING DIFFERENT THEOREMS

Thevenin’s Theorem
Kirchhoff’s laws

Mesh-Current Analysis Norton’s theorem

Nodal Analysis Delta-star / star-delta transformations

Superposition Theorem
Maximum power transfer theorems
KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS
• Kirchhoff’s laws may be applied to
both DC and AC circuits.
• Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL):
The algebraic sum of all the currents
entering and leaving a node must be
equal to zero
• Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL):
The sum of all voltages around any
closed loop in a circuit must equal zero
Example 1
Use Kirchhoff’s laws to find the current flowing in each branch of the
network shown in Fig. 1
Solution
A I1 B I2 C
The following steps may be used:
I1+I2
1- Label branch currents and their directions 8V 3V
on the circuit diagram
5Ω
2- Divide the circuit into loops
1Ω 2Ω
Loop 1: ABEFA
F E D
Loop 2: CBEDC
Example 1
I1
The following steps may be used: A B I2 C
3- Apply KVL to write the equation of each I1+I2
loop 8V 3V

Loop 1: ABEFA 5Ω
8 – 5 x (I1+I2) – 1 x I1 = 0
6 I1 + 5 I2 = 8 ……….. (1) 1Ω 2Ω

Loop 2: CBEDC F E D

3 – 5 x (I1+I2) – 2 x I2 = 0
5 I1+ 7 I2 = 3 ……….. (2)

4- Solve simultaneous equations of all loops

I1 = 2.412 I1 + I2 = 1.118
Example 2
Use Kirchhoff’s laws to find the current flowing in each branch of the
network shown in Fig. 2
Solution
A I1 B I2 C
- The branch currents and their directions are
I1+I2
labelled as shown in Fig.
100L0o
20 Ω 50L90o
- The circuit is divided into two loops:
25 Ω 10 Ω
Loop 1: ABEFA
F E D
Loop 2: CBEDC
Example 2
- Apply KVL to each loop I1
A B I2 C
Loop 1: ABEFA
20 (I1+I2) + 25 I1 = 100L0o I1+I2

45 I1 + 20 I2 = 100 ……….. (1) 100L0o

20 Ω 50L90o

Loop 2: CBEDC 25 Ω 10 Ω
20 (I1+I2) + 10 x I2 = 50L90o
20 I1+ 30 I2 = j 50 ……….. (2) F E D

- Solve simultaneous equations of all loops

……….. (3)
Eq.(1) x 3 :  135 I1 + 60 I2 = 300
……….. (4)
Eq.(2) x 2 :  40 I1 + 60 I2 = j 100
Example 2
Eq.(3) - Eq.(4) :  95 I1 = 300 - j 100 A

I1 = 3.158 - j 1.053 = 3.329 L-18.44o A

Substituting in Eq. (1) gives:
I2 = -2.106 + j 2.369 = 3.17 L 131.63o A
The current in the 20 Ω resistor is:

I1 + I2 = 1.053 + j 1.316 = 1.685 L 51.63o A

Example 3
For the network shown in Fig., use Kirchhoff’s laws to determine the
magnitude of the current in the 4+ j3 impedance

A I1 B I1 - I2 C I3 D

I2 I1 - I2 - I3
10L0o 4Ω
12L0o 15L0o

4Ω -j 5 Ω 8Ω j3Ω

H G F E
Example 3
• Apply KVL to each loop
Loop 1: ABGHA
4 I1 – j 5 I2 = 10 + 12
………………… (1)

Loop 2: CBGFC
– j5 I2 – 8 (I1 – I2 – I3 )= 12 + 15
…….. (2)

Loop 3: CDEFC
– 8 (I1 – I2 – I3 ) + (4+j3) I3 = 15
……. (3)

• Rearrange the 3 Equations:

Example 3
- Apply Determinant method for solving linear Equations
MESH-CURRENT ANALYSIS (MAXWELL’S THEOREM)
• Mesh-current analysis is an extension of the use of Kirchhoff’s laws
• The network has circulating currents I1, I2 and I3 have been assigned to
closed loops in the circuit rather than to branches.
• Currents I1, I2 and I3 are called mesh currents or loop-currents
• In mesh-current analysis the loop-
currents are all arranged to circulate in
the same direction (clockwise direction).
• Kirchhoff’s second law is applied to
each of the loops in turn
• Three equations can be produced from the last
Figure:

• The branch currents are determined by taking

the phasor sum of the mesh currents common to
that branch.

• For example, the current flowing in impedance Z2

is given by (I1-I2) phasor
Example 4
For the A.C. network shown in Fig. determine, using mesh-current
analysis,
(a) the mesh currents I1 and I2
(b) the current flowing in the capacitor
(c) the active power delivered by the voltage source

100L0o 4Ω
I1 I2
-j 4 Ω
5Ω j3Ω
Solution
- The circuit is divided into two loops:
Loop 1:
…………… (1)
Loop 2:
…………… (2)

100L0o 4Ω
I1 I2
-j 4 Ω
5Ω j3Ω
Example 4
- Rewrite Equations (1) & (2):
…………… (3)
…………… (4)
- Solve Equations (3) & (4) using Determinants:
Example 4

- Solve Equations (3) & (4) using Determinants:

- Current flowing in capacitor = I1 -I2

A
 Example 4
- Source power calculation:

Source Voltage:
Source Current:
Source Power

Check:
Power in 5 Ω resistor =
Power in 4 Ω resistor =
Total Dissipated power =
Example 5
A balanced star-connected 3-phase load is shown in Fig. Determine
the value of the line currents IR, IY and IB using mesh-current
analysis.
IR

I1 (3+j4) Ω
415L120o
(3+j4) Ω
(3+j4) Ω
IY

I2
415L0o
IB
 Solution
- The circuit is divided into two loops:
Loop 1: …… (1)
Loop 2: …… (2)
- Solve Equations (1) & (2) using Determinants:
Example 5

- Solve Equations (1) & (2) using Determinants:

Example 5
- The line currents are:
NODAL ANALYSIS
• A node of a network is defined as a point where two or more
branches are joined.
• If three or more branches join at a node, then that node is called a
principal node or junction.

• In Figure, points 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

are nodes, and points 1, 2 and 3
are principal nodes.
NODAL ANALYSIS
• A node voltage is the voltage of a particular node with respect to a node
called the reference node.
• For example, if node 3 is chosen as the reference node then V13 is the
voltage at node 1 with respect to node 3.
• Similarly, V23 is the voltage at node 2 with respect to node 3, and so on.
• However, since the node voltage is always determined with respect to a
particular chosen reference node, the notation:
V1 for V13
V2 for V23
NODAL ANALYSIS
• The object of nodal analysis is to:
Determine the values of voltages at all the principal nodes
with respect to the reference node
(Finding voltages V1 and V2 in Fig)
• When such voltages are determined, the currents flowing in each
branch can be found.
NODAL ANALYSIS
• Kirchhoff’s current law is applied to nodes 1 and 2 in turn
• Two equations in unknowns V1 and V2 are obtained and
solved using determinants
• The branches leading to node 1 are shown separately in Fig.
• Let us assume that all branch currents are leaving the node as
shown.
• Since the sum of currents at a junction is zero,

…………….(1)
• The branches leading to node 2 are shown separately in Fig.
• Let us assume that all branch currents are leaving the node as
shown.
• Since the sum of currents at a junction is zero,

…………….(2)
• Rearranging equations (1) and (2) gives:

• Equations (3) and (4) may be rewritten in terms of admittances

(where, admittance Y = l/Z ):

• Equations (5) and (6) may be solved for V1 and V2 by using

determinants
• Current equations, and hence voltage equations, may be written
at each principal node except the reference node.
• The number of equations is one less than the number of principal
nodes.
• Mesh-current analysis depends on the number of loops
• Nodal analysis depends on the number of nodes
• The method that requires least number of equations is used.
• The method of nodal analysis is demonstrated in the following
Examples:
Example 6
Use nodal analysis to determine the current flowing in each branch
of the network shown in Fig.
Solution
- There are only two principal nodes, so only one nodal equation
is required.
- Node 2 is taken as the reference node.
- The equation at node 1 is:
Example 6
• The voltage at node 1 is:

• The current in the 25 Ω resistance is:

Flowing away
from node 1

Flowing
Example 6
• The current in the 20 Ω resistance is:

Flowing away
from node 1

• The current in the 10 Ω resistance is:

Flowing away
from node 1