STOICHIOMETR

Y
 Learning Objectives:
★ Define mole and Avogadro’s Number
★ Relate the concept of mole with avogadro’s
★ Calculate the number of chemical species/ particles
★ Calculate, using a balance chemical equation, the
interacting moles, representative particles, masses and
volume of gas at STP (22.4 l) and RTP (24l)
★ Solve problems based on stoichiometry using mole ratio as
conversion factor
 ★ Calculate % by mass
★ Deduce empirical and molecular formula of compound
★ Deduce limiting reagent
★ Distinguish among actual, theoretical and % yield
★ Calculate the % yield
 SLO 1.2.1
Define mole and Avogadro’s Number
 Mole
The atomic mass, formula mass and molecular mass of a substance
expressed in grams is called mole

Examples:

One mole of O = 16g

One mole of O2 = 32g
One mole of H2O = 18g
“The atomic mass of an element expressed in gram is
called one gram atom or one gram mole or simply a
mole of that atom”

Number of gram atoms or = Mass of an element in grams

Moles of an element Molar/atomic mass of an element
“The molecular mass of a substance expressed in gram is
called one gram molecule or gram mole or simply the
mole of that substance”

Number of gram molecules or = Mass of the molecular substance in grams

Moles of a molecular substance Molar mass of the substance
“The formula unit mass of an ionic compound expressed
in grams is called one gram formula of the substance or
gram mole or simply a mole of that substance”

Number of gram formulas or = Mass of the ionic substance in grams

Moles of a substance formula mass of the ionic substance
Avogadro’s The number of atoms, molecules or ions

Number present in one mole of a substance is called

Avogadro’s Number.

Its numerical value is

6.02214076 × 1023

It is denoted by NA
H= 1.008 g ---- 1 mole----6.02 x 1023 number of atoms
CO2 = 44 g---- 1 mole ---- 6.02 x 1023 number of
molecules
NaCl = 58.5 ---- 1 mole ---- 6.02 x 1023 number of ions
 Relationships between amount of substances in term of their
masses and number of particles are given by:

Number of atoms of an element

=
Mass of the element x NA
Atomic mass

Number of molecules of a compound

=
Mass of the compound x NA
Molecular mass
Number of ions of an ionic specie
=
Mass of the ion x NA
Ionic mass
Developmental Activity
Can we go to a shop and
say I want Avagadro’s
number of chocolates????
 SLO 1.2.2
RELATE THE CONCEPT OF MOLE WITH AVOGADRO’S
What will be the
mass of 1 mole of
pure water ???
 SLO 1.2.3
CALCULATE THE NUMBER OF FOLLOWING CHEMICAL SPECIES/ PARTICLES:

★ ATOMS
★ MOLECULES
★ IONS
★ MOLES
★ PROTONS
★ NEUTRONS
★ ELECTRONS
EXAMPLES FROM BOOK
(PTB)
PAGE 12-16
 Practice numericals
PTB page 27 Q10 part a-h
 Question 1
How many molecules of water are there in 54 g

Discussion
of H2O ?

Question 2
Calculate the mass of 6.022×1023molecule of NH4Cl ?
Question/Answer session Question 3
How many atoms of hydrogen are there in 36 g
of NH4?

Question 4
Calculate the number of hydrogen atoms in 1 mole of
H2.
 Reinforcement of Lesson
(Topic summary)
● Discussed mole and Avagadro’s Number
● Relationship between mole and Avagadro’s
Number
● Solve numericals related to above mentioned topics
 Proton, neutrons, electrons
Mass number = proton number(atomic number) + number of neutrons
For neutral atoms:
Number of electrons= number of protons
 27
13 Al. calculate the number of neutrons.
ICT INTEGRATION
 SLO 1.1.1
Discuss the significance of Chemistry as a quantitative science in daily life

(Students will have to prepare a presentation using CANVA)

 SLO 1.2.4 & 1.2.5
CALCULATE, USING A BALANCE CHEMICAL
EQUATION, THE
★ INTERACTING MOLES
★ REPRESENTATIVE PARTICLES
★ MASSES AND VOLUME OF GAS AT STP (22.4 L)
AND RTP (24L)
★ SOLVE PROBLEMS BASED ON STOICHIOMETRY
USING MOLE RATIO AS CONVERSION FACTOR
 Representative Particle:

The smallest part of a substance that retains the

properties of the substance.
★ For a molecular compound (H2O), a representative particle is a molecule.
★ For an ionic compound (Na2SO4), a representative particle is a formula unit.
★ For an atomic substance (He, Fe), a representative particle is an atom.
There are 6.02 x 1023 representative particles in a mole of a substance.
 Types of Stoichiometric
calculations
❖ Mass-mole relationship
❖ Mass-mass relationship
❖ Mass volume relationship
❖ Volume- volume relationship
 Mass-mole
relationship
Example 11 page 18 PTB
Mass-Volume
Relationship
Example 12 PTB
Volume-Volume relationship
What volume of oxygen at STP is
required to burn 500 dm3 of
ethene. What volume of CO2 will
be formed.
C2H4 + 3O2----> 2CO2 + 2H20
 SLO 1.3.1
Calculate percentage (by mass) of:
a) Element in compound
b) Water of crystallization in hydrated salt
 Percentage Composition
The relative amount of each element in a compound expressed as the percentage
composition

For example the percentage composition by mass in MgO is as follows:

Mg = 63%

O = 37%

* The sum of percentage of all elements in a substance must be equal to 1oo

 Formula
% of an element = mass of element in 1 mole of compound x 100
Formula mass of compound
 Example
What is the percentage by mass of hydrogen in water?
solution:
Mass of hydrogen = 2 grams per mole
Mass of oxygen = 16 grams per mole
% of an element = mass of element in 1 mole of compound x 100
Formula mass of compound
Answer :_____________
Example 2 page
7 PTB
 A sample of liquid consisting of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen was subjected to
combustion analysis. 0.5439 g of compound
gave 1.039 g of CO2 and 0.6369g of H2O.
determine the % composition of element in a
compound
 Water of crystallization in hydrated salt

Some compounds require water molecules to form crystals.

Without water, they will not form crystals and exist in powder
form. The water needed to form crystals is called water of
crystallization.

● Hydrated compounds: crystalline substances that contain water

of crystallization
Hydrated compounds contain a fixed number of water molecules and the

chemical formula is written as salt·xH2O.

For example, 5 moles of water is required for every mole of copper sulfate to

form a crystal, so the chemical formula of hydrated copper sulfate is

CuSO4·5H2O.

The chemical equation to form hydrated copper sulfate from anhydrous copper

sulfate is:

CuSO4 + 5H2O → CuSO4·5H2O

 Calculate the % of H2O in
Hydrated magnesium sulphate
(MgSO4.7H20) salt crystals.
 SLO 1.3.2
Deduce empirical and molecular formula of compounds
 Empirical formula
the empirical formula of a chemical compound is the simplest
positive integer ratio of atoms present in a compound
The empirical formula of glucose (C 6H12O6) is CH2O and that of
benzene (C6H6) is CH
 ❖ Convert the mass of
each element to moles
How to calculate ❖ Divide each mole value
the empirical by the smallest number
of moles calculated
formula? ❖ Round to the nearest
whole number.
Example 3 PTB (pg 8)
Example 4 PTB (pg 9)
 Molecular formula
A chemical formula that gives the total number of atoms of
each element in each molecule of a substance
For example molecular formula of benzene is C6H6 and that
of glucose is C6H12O6.
Numerous compounds like H2O, CO2, NH3 have same
empirical and molecular formulas
 How to
calculate Molecular = n (empirical
molecular Formula formula)

formula?
Example 5 PTB (pg 10)
 Slo 1.4.1 and 1.4.2
● Deduce the limiting reagent in chemical reaction
● Calculate maximum amount of product produced and
amount of any unreacted excess reagent, with the help
of limiting reagent in a chemical reaction.
 Limiting Reagent
The limiting reagent (or limiting reactant) in a chemical
reaction is a reactant that is totally consumed when the
chemical reaction is completed. The amount of product
formed is limited by this reagent, since the reaction
cannot continue without it.
How to find the
limiting
reagent? ❖ Calculate no. of moles
from given amount of
reactant
❖ With the help of balanced
equation, calculate no. of
moles of product
❖ Identify the reactant which
produces less amount of
product as limiting
reactant
Example 13 PTB (pg 21)
 Slo 1.5.1
Distinguish among theoretical yield, actual yield and percentage
yield
 Actual Yield Theoretical Yield
The actual yield is The theoretical yield
the amount of is the maximum amount
product that is of product that can be
actually formed produced by a given
when the reaction amount of reactant,
is carried out in according to balanced
the laboratory. chemical equation
 Percent Yield
To express the efficiency of a reaction, percent yield is
calculated by using the formula:
%yield = actual yield x 100.
theoretical yield
EXAMPLE 14 PTB (pg 22)
1. 4NH3 + 5O2 --> 4NO + 6H2O

How many grams of NO are formed if 6.30g of

ammonia react with 1.80g of oxygen?

2. P4 + 6Cl2 --> 4PCl3

The reaction of 75.0g P4 with excess chlorine gas

produces 110g PCl3 in lab. Find the theoretical yield
and calculate percent yield for the reaction.

3. SO2 + PCl5 --> SOCl2 + POCl3

How much of the excess is left over when 16.2g

SO2 react with 13.7g PCl5?

4. What is the percent by mass of sodium in NaCl?

5. What is the percent composition of Oxygen in NO2?