15Cs565

C
Cloud Computing

Cloud Computing
 MODULE - 1

Mr. R C Ravindranath, Asst. Prof, SOE-CSE 2

Contents

• Course Handout Discussion

• Introduction
• Evolution of cloud computing
• Computing Platforms and Technologies
• Cloud Computing Architecture
• IaaS, PaaS, SaaS,
• Types of Clouds
• Cloud Computing Environments.

Mr. R C Ravindranath, Asst. Prof, SOE-CSE 3

Cloud computing
Basic services

• Water
• Electricity
• Telephony
1) Water Provider

User
2) Electricity Provider

User
Computing
• Computing is being transformed into a model consisting of
services that are commoditized and delivered in a manner
similar to utilities such as water, electricity, gas, and
telephony.
• Cloud computing - turn the vision of “computing utilities "in to a reality.
• computer utilities’
- like electric and telephone utilities
- will service individual homes and offices across the country
Example of cloud computation
• Users (consumers) need to pay providers only when they access the
computing services.
• consumers
- no longer need to invest heavily
- encounter difficulties in building and maintaining complex IT
infrastructure.
Cloud Computing
• Users access services based on their requirements without regard to
where the services are hosted.
• This model has been referred to as utility computing or, (since 2007),
as cloud computing.
Cloud computing
• Cloud computing allows
- renting infrastructure,
- runtime environments-IDE
- and services on a pay- per-use basis.

• This principle provides-several practical applications and then gives

different images of cloud computing to different people.
Cloud computing
 One of the most diffuse views of cloud computing can be summarized as
follows:
 I don’t care where my servers are, who manages them, where my documents
are stored, or where my applications are hosted.
 I just want them always available and access them from any device connected
through Internet.
 And I am willing to pay for this service for as a long as I need it.
 The concept expressed above has strong similarities to the way we use other
services, such as water and electricity.
cloud computing
 cloud computing turns IT services into utilities.
 a delivery model is made possible by the effective composition of
several technologies
 Web 2.0 technologies plays a central role in making cloud computing
an attractive opportunity for building computing systems.
• Service orientation allows cloud computing
- to deliver its capabilities with familiar abstractions.
• virtualization allows cloud computing
- provides the necessary degree of customization, - control, and
flexibility for building production and enterprise systems.
Overview
Cloud computing at a glance
Massive transformation – from networks to
cloud
• Computing services readily available on demand, just as other utility
services
• Pay providers only when you access the computing services
• Consumers no longer need to invest heavily - building and
maintaining complex IT infrastructure

Utility computing or, recently (since 2007), as

cloud computing
 • Paradigm for the dynamic provisioning
of computing services
• supported by state-of-the-art data
What is centers
• employing virtualization
cloud technologies for consolidation and
computing? effective utilization of resources
• Cloud computing allows renting
infrastructure, runtime environments,
and services on a pay-per-use basis
Cloud – one point of view
• I don’t care
where my servers are,
who manages them,
where my documents are stored,
where my applications are hosted
• I just want them
• always available and access them from any device connected
through Internet

And I am willing to pay for this service for as a long as I need it

Cloud –
Composition of
several
technologies
 Why is cloud popular?
1. Flexibility: If businesses bandwidth requirements or running costs tend to fluctuate, using cloud services makes
perfect sense. Cloud computing offers various pre-built platforms and services and also allows you to develop
customized solutions as per your specific needs. It enables you to upgrade your services in line with your needs.
Anytime you can scale up and scale down your cloud capacity depending on your requirement. There is no need to
pay extra money for the services you are not using on the cloud.
2. Ensures Security: While working on a project if your laptop or hard drive get lost then it can cost a billion dollar of
businesses and you can’t imagine the loss if it goes in the Well, keeping your data locally on a computer is always a
risk and big issue for companies and individuals. The cost of losing your sensitive or private data is bigger than the loss
of your kit or physical equipment. Cloud computing solves this problem and provides top-notch data security. If you
lose your mobile device or laptop or if your computer system is attacked by viruses and worms you can still access
everything you have on the cloud using another machine or device. You can also wipe data from lost laptops remotely
so it doesn’t get into the wrong hands.
3. Maintains Productivity: Cloud computing allows team members to work on the same document in real-time. It
becomes convenient and easier for team members to edit, share, and access the document or data anytime and from
anywhere. There is no need to spend time updating, filling, and printing documents. Cloud services provide a better
workflow and file sharing apps that help team members to make updates in real-time and give them full visibility of their
collaborations. It requires less energy and effort that eventually maintains the productivity of the business. In nutshell,
the technology eliminates the need for a back-and-forth exchange of documents.
 Why is cloud popular?
4. Cost Savings and No Maintenance: Companies spend a lot of money on purchasing hardware, buying software
licenses, maintaining, updating, distributing, and shredding paper copies. When you use cloud services it cuts out all
these expenses. It eliminates the cost and complexity of owning and operating computers and networks. As we have
mentioned that cloud services cost is customizable and you only pay as you go. You pay for the services you are usin
on the cloud also you don’t have to worry about maintaining your system. Cloud service providers take care of your
information rolling out regular software updates – including security updates. Instead of buying the capital alone and
bearing all the costs, this is much easier and convenient for organizations.

5. Work From Anywhere: It doesn’t matter where you are sitting in the world, cloud service allows you to access the
data anywhere, anytime. You don’t need to carry your USB or laptop in different places, you just need the internet
connection to get access to your data on the cloud. Some cloud services also offer mobile apps, so you are not
restricted to use any specific device. This gives more flexibility and convenience to the employees along with running
the business operations smoothly.
Why is cloud popular?
 • Anyone with a credit card can provision virtual
hardware, runtime environments, and services
• Used as needed, with no up-front
Vision of commitments
• The entire stack of a computing system is
Cloud transformed into a collection of utilities
• composed together to deploy systems in hours
and with virtually no maintenance costs
Vision of Cloud
 Future –
Global cloud
marketplace
Defining
a Cloud
Defining a Cloud
• Refers to both the applications delivered as services over the Internet
and the hardware and system software in the datacenters that
provide those services.
• A model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network
access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g.,
networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be
rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or
service provider interaction.
Criteria for a cloud service

The service is accessible via

a Web browser
(nonproprietary) or a Web Zero capital expenditure is You pay only for what you
services application necessary to get started use as you use it
programming interface
(API)
Definition (Buyya – utility-oriented)
• A cloud is a type of parallel and distributed system
• consisting of a collection of interconnected and virtualized computers
• that are dynamically provisioned
• and presented as one or more unified computing resources
• based on service-level agreements
• established through negotiation between the service provider and consumers
What do we get from Cloud?

IT Services on Demand
A bird’s-eye view of cloud computing
Historical Developments
5 Core
Technologies
1. Distributed • A distributed system is a collection of independent
computers that appears to its users as a single
systems coherent system.
Evolution of Distributed Computing
Major milestones

Mainframe Cluster Grid

computing computing computing
Evolution of cloud computing:-

39
Description:-

40
 Mainframes
• Smaller than a super computer
• Large computational facilities leveraging
multiple processing units
• Powerful, highly reliable computers
specialized for large data movement and
massive input/output (I/O) operations.

USE:
• online transactions
• enterprise resource planning
• huge data processing
Mainframes – good and bad
Good Scalability • High cost
Good memory storage • Difficult installation
Highly reliable • Huge physical size
Transparent fault tolerance • Environmental issues
No interruption while replacing
faulty components
Can run multiple OS
Cluster Computing
• Early 1980s
• Low-cost alternative to mainframes and supercomputers
• Increased availability of cheap commodity machines
• Connected by a high-bandwidth network and controlled by specific
software tools that manage them as a single system
• 1980s - clusters - standard technology for parallel and high-
performance computing
• Could run programs which once required mainframes
Cluster Computing
• Collection of tightly or loosely
connected computers (nodes)
that work together so that they
act as a single entity
(transparency)

• solve complicated problems

• faster computational speed
• enhanced data integrity
• expandability
Grid Computing
• Early 1990s
• Analogy to the power grid – consume resources
• Aggregate geographically dispersed clusters
• By means of Internet connections
• These clusters belonged to different organizations
• Arrangements were made among them to share the computational power
• Different from a “large cluster”

Computing grid - dynamic aggregation of heterogeneous

computing nodes, and its scale was nationwide or even worldwide
Why Grid Computing ?
2. Virtualization
• Allows creation of different
computing environments
• These environments are called
virtual because they simulate
the interface that is expected
by a guest
• e.g. Hardware virtualization
• Enables cloud computing solutions
to deliver virtual servers on
demand, such as Amazon EC2,
RightScale, VMware vCloud
2. Virtualization (Contd.)

• Definition
• Collection of solutions allowing the abstraction of some of the
fundamental elements for computing
• Hardware, runtime environments, storage, and networking
3. Web 2.0

• Refers to websites that have user-

generated content, ease of use,
participatory culture and
interoperability for end users
• A collection of standards and
technologies such as
XML, Asynchronous JavaScript and
XML (AJAX), Web Services, and
others
• brings interactivity and
flexibility into Web pages
• providing enhanced user
experience
4. Service-oriented computing
5. Utility-oriented computing
• is a service provisioning model
• providing computing as a utility like natural gas, water, power, and
telephone connection
• computing resources are provided to the customer based on specific
demand
• Examples of such IT services are computing power, storage or
applications.
Cloud Computing SERVICE Reference Model

Web 3.0 Software as a Service

Interfaces End user applications
Scientific applications
Office automation, Photo editing,
CRM, and Social Networking
Examples: Google Documents, Facebook, Flickr, Salesforce

Platform as a Service
Runtime Environment for Applications
Development and Data Processing Platforms
Examples: Windows Azure, Hadoop, Google AppEngine, Aneka

Infrastructure as a Service
Virtualized Servers
Storage and Networking
Examples: Amazon EC2, S3, Rightscale, vCloud
S3: Amazon Simple Storage Service
Vendors of SPI Model
Basic Structure of Cloud Computing
Concept of a “Service” in Cloud Computing
In the Cloud scenario, the provider Organization (Microsoft, Oracle,
Amazon, Google) offers the following commodities as services:
1. Infrastructure (Hardware) -> Storage, Servers, Networking
components
2. Platform to run applications -> Runtimes (JRE, CLR), Operating
Systems (Windows, Linux), Databases (MySQL, Oracle)
3. Applications -> Gmail, Facebook, CRM, etc.

All these services are offered through Web APIs (Application

Programming Interfaces)

Ex: Office 365 suite of applications, Google Drive suite of applications

NIST Model:-
Cloud Computing Deployment Models:-

60
Description:-

61
Types of Services available in cloud computing
• IaaS --- Infrastructure as a Service --- server, memory, CPU processor,
storage space, network components, disk space, hard disk
• PaaS---Platform as a Service --- Provides run time environment for
developers – visual studio, IDE, WORD , OPERATING SYSTEM,
VMWARE
• SaaS – Software as a Service- ALL TYPE OF APPLICATION –
FACEBOOK, GMAIL. Google drive, google document,etc
• Stack of cloud computing --- arrangement of services
• SaaS
• PaaS
• IaaS
IaaS- Advantages and Disadvantages
• Advantages of IaaS:
Cost Saving, On-demand scalability, Have the
Flexibility You Need, Focus on business growth,
It can also run when the server goes down.
• Disadvantages of IaaS:
Security, Lack of flexibility, Technical problems, Over
Dependency, Upgrade & Maintenance.
 PaaS- Advantages
• Advantages of PaaS:

Time Savings: No need to spend time setting

up/maintaining the core stack.

Speed to Market: Speed up the creation of apps.

Increase Security: PaaS providers invest heavily in

security technology and expertise.

 PaaS- Disadvantages
• Disadvantages of PaaS:

Security: All the data of applications are stored inside the provider's cloud
database.

Control: Users lack some control over a PaaS solution.

Reliability: PaaS solutions often face reliability concerns.

Compatibility: Not all the components are cloud-enabled.

 SaaS- Advantages
• Advantages of SaaS:

Operational Management: No installation, equipment updates or traditional licensing

management.

Cost-Effective: There are no upfront hardware costs and flexible payment methods such as
pay-as-you-go models.

Scalability: Easily scale a solution to accommodate changing needs. Data Storage: Data is
routinely saved in the cloud.
SaaS- Disadvantages
• Disadvantages of SaaS:

Loss of Control: The vendor manages everything, making you dependent upon the
vendor's capabilities.

Limited Customization: Most SaaS applications offer little in the way of customization
from the vendor.

Slower Speed: SaaS solutions can have more latency than client/server apps.
Cloud Deployment Models
1.Public clouds - most common model
• IT infrastructure is established by a third-party service provider that makes it
available to any consumer on a subscription basis
• Advantage: allow users to quickly leverage compute, storage, and application
services
• Users’ data and applications are deployed on cloud datacenters on the
vendor’s premises
2. Private clouds - Large organizations that own massive computing
• Infrastructures can still benefit from cloud computing by replicating the cloud
IT service delivery model in-house
Cloud Deployment Models – Contd.

3. Hybrid Clouds
• Whenever private cloud resources are unable to meet users’ quality-of-
service requirements, hybrid computing systems, partially composed of public
cloud resources and privately owned infrastructures, are created to serve the
organization’s needs
Major deployment models for cloud computing
Characteristics and benefits
• No up-front commitments
• On-demand access
• Nice pricing
• Simplified application acceleration and scalability
• Efficient resource allocation
• Energy efficiency
• Seamless creation and use of third-party services
Cloud computing - challenges
• Technical
• Security
• Legal
Building Cloud
Environments
 Application development

Overview Infrastructure and system

development

Computing platforms and

technologies
Application development
What sort of applications benefit from cloud?

• Dynamically scale on demand

• Classes of applications
1. Web applications
• Performance depends on workload generated by varying user demand
• Rich, complex and interactive
What sort of applications benefit from cloud?

2. Resource-intensive applications
• Data-intensive or compute-intensive applications
• Resources are required to complete execution in a reasonable timeframe
• But not required for a long duration
• Not interactive, only batch processing
• e.g. scientific applications
On-demand and dynamic scaling solution
• How?
(a) providing methods for renting compute power, storage, and
networking
(b) offering runtime environments designed for scalability and dynamic
sizing
(c) providing application services that mimic the behavior of desktop
applications but that are completely hosted and managed on the provider side
• Service orientation
 allows a simple and seamless integration into existing systems
• Developers access such services via simple Web interfaces
Infrastructure and system
Development
Core technologies enabling the provisioning of cloud
services

DISTRIBUTED VIRTUALIZATION SERVICE WEB 2.0

COMPUTING ORIENTATION
Distributed Systems

• Extreme dynamism of cloud systems

• New nodes and services are provisioned on demand
• Infrastructure-as-a-Service solutions
• Provide the capabilities to add and remove resources
• Platform-as-a-Service solutions
• embed into their core offering algorithms and rules that control the
provisioning process and the lease of resources
• Integration between cloud resources and existing system deployment ???
Web 2.0

• Constitute the interface through which cloud computing services are

delivered, managed, and provisioned

• Service orientation is the underlying paradigm

• Cloud - XaaS—Everything-as-a-Service
Virtualization

• Core feature of the infrastructure used by cloud providers

• Virtualization concept is > 40 years old

• but cloud computing introduces new challenges, especially in the
management of virtual environments
Computing platforms and
technologies
How to develop cloud applications?
• Leverage
• Platforms
Amazon web services (AWS)

• Technologies
Google AppEngine

• Frameworks
Microsoft Azure
Hadoop
Force.com and Salesforce.com
Manjrasoft Aneka
Amazon web services (AWS)

• IaaS
• Platform that offers flexible,
reliable, scalable, easy-to-use
and, cost-effective cloud
computing solutions
• compute and storage-on-
demand services
• Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) and
Simple Storage Service (S3)
Amazon web services (AWS)
• Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) • Simple Storage Service (S3)
• Customizable virtual hardware • Delivers persistent storage on demand
• EC2 instances are deployed either by using • S3 is organized into buckets; these are
• AWS console, which is a comprehensive containers of objects that are stored in binary
Web portal for accessing AWS services form and can be enriched with attributes
• Web services API available for several • Users can store objects of any size, from
programming languages simple files to entire disk images, and have
them accessible from everywhere
Google App Engine (GAE)
• PaaS
• Build highly scalable applications
on a fully managed serverless
platform
• Large computing infrastructure of
Google to dynamically scale
Google AppEngine
• Services include in-memory caching, scalable data store, job queues, messaging,
and cron tasks
• GAE requires that applications be written in Java or Python, store data in
Google Bigtable and use the Google query language.
• IaaS similar to EC2
• Google provides GAE free up to a certain amount of use for the following
resources:
• processor storage
• API calls
• concurrent requests
Microsoft Azure
• Provides a scalable runtime
environment for Web
applications and distributed
applications
Microsoft Azure
• Web role is designed to host a
• Applications in Azure are organized Web application
around the concept of roles, which
identify a distribution unit for • Worker role is a more
applications and embody the generic container of applications
application’s logic and can be used to perform
• Three types of role: Web role, worker workload processing
role, and virtual machine role • Virtual machine role provides a
virtual environment in which the
computing stack can be
fully customized, including the
operating systems
Hadoop
• Apache Hadoop is an open-source • Map - transforms and synthesizes
framework the input data provided by the
• that is suited for processing large data user
sets on commodity hardware
• Hadoop is an integral part of the • Reduce - aggregates the output
Yahoo! cloud infrastructure obtained by the map operations
• Hadoop is an implementation of Map
Reduce, an application programming
• Hadoop provides the runtime
model developed by Google environment
• which provides two fundamental • Developers need only provide the
operations for data processing: input data and specify the map
map and reduce
and reduce functions that need to
be executed
Force.com and Salesforce.com

• Force.com is a cloud computing platform for developing social enterprise

applications
• complete set of components supporting all the activities of an enterprise
• provides complete support for developing applications - design of the data layout to the
definition of business rules and workflows and the definition of the user interface

• The platform is the basis for SalesForce.com, a Software-as-a-Service solution for

customer relationship management
Manjrasoft Aneka
• Cloud application platform for rapid creation of scalable applications
• Supports a collection of programming abstractions for developing applications
and a distributed runtime environment that can be deployed on heterogeneous
hardware (clusters, networked desktop computers, and cloud resources)
• Applications are executed on the distributed service-oriented runtime
environment, which can dynamically integrate additional resource on demand
• Services manage most of the activities happening at runtime: scheduling,
execution, accounting, billing, storage, and quality of service
 Review Questions
1. Which are the technologies on which cloud computing relies?​

2. Define cloud computing and identify its core features. ​

3. Briefly summarize the Cloud Computing Reference Model.

4. H
​ ow is cloud development different from
traditional software development?​