PPT Presentation

on
Composite Material Reinforcement and
composite

Presented By: Submitted To:

Mohd Danish Dr. Mukesh Kumar
2020UME1020 Associate Professor
MNIT Jaipur

Mechanical Engineering Department,

Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur

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 Contents

 About Composite Material

 Marble Dust as Reinforcement
 Different Properties of Marble Dust
 Polyester Resin
 Different properties of Polyester
 Merits And Demerits Of Polyster Resin

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Introduction: About Composite Material

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 Fabrication of Marble Dust Particulate
 Marble dust Particulate: Marble is a natural stone formed by the
recrystallization of limestone (CaCO3) and dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) into a new
structure.
 Marble dust is produced during the mining of marble and the conversion of
marble blocks into finished slabs.

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Chemical composition & Properties of Marble Dust (MD)
Chemical Composition:
 The highest and lowest percentage of Calcium-Oxide(CaO) is 83.22 and 21.20 respectively.
 Some authors found a negligible percentage of Sodium-Oxide(Na2O), Potassium-Oxide(K2O), and
Sulphur-Trioxide(SO3).
 Moreover, the main components of the marble dust are Calcium-Oxide (CaO), Ferric Oxide(Fe2O3),
Aluminum-Oxide (Al2O3) and Silicon-Dioxide (SiO2).

Chemical Properties:
 Reactivity: Marble dust is alkaline in nature, meaning it can react with acids to form salts and release
carbon dioxide.
 Solubility: Calcium carbonate is sparingly soluble in water, but it can dissolve in acidic solutions due to its
reaction with acids.
 Thermal Stability: Marble dust exhibits high thermal stability, which makes it suitable for various high-
temperature applications, such as in the production of lime or as a filler material in thermoplastics.
 Abrasive Properties: Due to its hardness and composition, marble dust can be abrasive. It is often used in
polishing and grinding applications, such as in the manufacturing of abrasives and polishing compounds.

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 Physical Properties of Marble Dust (MD)
 Particle Size: Marble dust consists of fine particles ranging in size from microscopic to a
few millimeters, depending on the method of processing.
 Color: Typically, marble dust has a white or off-white color
 Texture: Marble dust has a powdery texture due to its fine particle size. It feels smooth to
the touch and can create a soft, velvety surface when applied as a coating or additive.
 Density: The density of marble dust varies depending on factors such as particle size and
packing density. Generally, it has a lower density compared to solid marble due to the
presence of air gaps between particles.
 Porosity: Marble dust may exhibit some degree of porosity, which can influence its
absorption properties when used in applications such as concrete or coatings.
 Hardness: While marble dust is not as hard as solid marble, it still retains some degree of
hardness. This property makes it suitable for use as an abrasive in polishing and grinding
applications.
 Shape: The shape of marble dust particles can vary, ranging from angular to rounded,
depending on the method of production and subsequent handling.
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Unsaturated Polyester resin

Polyester resins are primarily of the ‘unsaturated’ form.

 Unsaturated polyester resin is a thermoset resin amenable to curing from
a viscous liquid to a solid under the correct conditions.
Unsaturated polyester resins are known as ‘polyester resin’ and even
‘polyester’ for short.
Today, a wide range of polyester resins have been created from different
acids, glycols and monomers, each having different properties and can be
applied to everything from marine vessels to fiber glass flat roofs.

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Fabrication/Preparation of Polyester
 The most commonly used method for production centres on a reaction
between diethylene glycol (HO–CH2–CH2–OH) and unsaturated aliphatic
acid (e.g. maleic acid, HOOC–CH=CH–COOH).
 Unsaturated polyester resin is dissolved in an unsaturated solvent (namely
styrene or alpha-methyl styrene).

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 Physical properties of Polyester
1.Appearance: UPR is typically a clear or slightly colored liquid resin before curing, which turns into a
solid upon polymerization.
2.Viscosity: The viscosity of UPR can vary depending on the formulation and temperature. It is usually a
low to medium viscosity liquid, which facilitates impregnation of reinforcement materials in composite
manufacturing processes.
3.Density: The density of UPR is relatively low, typically ranging from 1.1 to 1.3 g/cm³, making it
lightweight and suitable for applications where weight is a concern.
4.Curing Time: UPR undergoes a curing process to convert from a liquid to a solid state. The curing time
can be adjusted by varying the catalyst, accelerator, or curing temperature, allowing for control over the
processing time in manufacturing.
5.Surface Finish: UPR can produce smooth surface finishes with good detail reproduction, making it
suitable for applications where aesthetics are important, such as in automotive parts or consumer products.
6.Water Absorption: UPR composites can exhibit low water absorption properties, especially when
properly cured and post-treated, making them suitable for marine or outdoor applications where exposure
to moisture is expected.
7.Thermal Expansion: UPR composites typically have moderate thermal expansion coefficients, which
should be considered in applications where dimensional stability is critical over a range of temperatures.

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 Chemical Properties of Polyester

1.Composition: UPR is composed of unsaturated polyester molecules, typically derived

from the reaction between a diacid and a diol, with the addition of a monomer like styrene to
promote crosslinking.
2.Polymerization: UPR undergoes polymerization via a crosslinking reaction, initiated by a
catalyst and sometimes accelerated by heat or UV light. This process converts the liquid
resin into a solid, durable material.
3.Reactivity: UPR exhibits high reactivity due to its unsaturated double bonds, allowing it to
undergo rapid polymerization when exposed to initiators or catalysts.
4.Chemical Resistance: UPR generally demonstrates good resistance to a wide range of
chemicals, including acids, bases, and solvents, making it suitable for use in corrosive
environments.
5.Adhesion: UPR can adhere well to various substrates, including fiberglass, metals, and
wood, when properly prepared and applied, leading to strong bonds in composite structures.

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 Mechanical Properties of Polyester

1.Strength: UPR composites typically exhibit high strength-to-weight ratios, with tensile,
compressive, and flexural strengths depending on factors such as resin formulation,
reinforcement type, and curing conditions.
2.Stiffness: UPR composites can possess high stiffness or modulus, providing structural
rigidity and dimensional stability to finished parts.
3.Impact Resistance: UPR composites can be tailored to exhibit excellent impact
resistance, making them suitable for applications where durability and toughness are
required.
4.Fatigue Resistance: UPR composites can demonstrate good resistance to fatigue and
cyclic loading.
5.Thermal Properties: UPR composites typically have moderate thermal resistance, with
glass transition temperatures (Tg) ranging from room temperature to higher temperatures
depending on resin formulation and curing conditions.

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 Quantified Properties Of Polyester Resin
What does polyester resin look and smell like?
In an uncatalyzed and uncured state, polyester resin is a pink, largely transparent liquid that is viscous and very
sticky. It has a strong, sharp odour that disappears once cured.

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 Advantages Of Polymer Resin

Polyester resin has a range of features that are considered advantages to many applications
that make them highly amenable to composite structures like fiberglass.
Some of these are:
 Low viscosity – this makes any composite easy to shape during laminating
 Short curing times (<12 – 24 hours)
 Polyesters can withstand temperatures up to 80 °C.
 Good flexibility once cured – this makes it an excellent ingredient for composite
structures like fiberglass (GRP)
The elongation capacity is quite good. When used in composites, it creates a structure that is
3 times more flexible than that of carbon fiber.

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 Disadvantages Of Polymer Resin

 Lower mechanical properties: compared to epoxy resin, for instance, unsaturated

polyester resin is more flexible but less rigid.
 Higher shrinkage – although this can be reduced by adding thermoplastic components
 Strong styrene smell – but efforts have been made to reduce this with low
styrene polyester.
 Safety risk: This refers to the toxic nature of its fumes, and especially of its catalyst,
MEKP, which pose a safety risk if proper protection isn’t used. Flame retardant resin can
also be used to mitigate these risks.
 Not appropriate for bonding many substrates like steel unless a primer is used
 Waste: large quantities of polyester resin-based composites are sent to landfill every year
and this number is increasing. That said, efforts to recycle such was have been made, from
catalyst-driven recovery to the use of glycol degradation.

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Thanking You

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