Embedded Systems (PVL202)
Dr. Shireesh Kumar Rai
Assistant Professor, ECED
Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab
Email: skumar.rai@thapar.edu
Text Books
Simple Definition of Embedded System
Embedded system: any device that includes a
computer but is not itself a general purpose computer.
Hardware and software: part of some larger systems
and expected to function without human intervention.
Examples
Personal digital assistant (PDA)
Printer
Cell phone
Automobile
Television
Household appliances
Surveillance systems
Ubiquity of Embedded Systems
Workplace: Printers, Scanners, Network switches
Banks: ATM, Passbook printers
Hospitals: Medical equipments
Industry: Industrial equipments, automation.
Agriculture: Drip irrigation, Soil quality instrument
Supermarkets: POS, scanners
Defence and spaces: Missiles, rockets, satellites, space probes.
Transport: Locomotives, cars
Telecom: Mobile broadband equipment, switches, telephone exchanges
Entertainment: Projection systems in cinema halls, 4D seats
This slide is borrowed from NPTEL course “Introduction to Embedded System Design” by Dhananjay V Gadre and
(NSUT,Delhi) and Prof. Badri Subudhi (IIT Jammu).
Embedded systems application areas
Small and single microcontroller applications: Small toys, home gadgets, etc.
Control and automotive systems: ABS, Cruise controls, etc.
Distributed embedded control: Networked industrial control applications,
automotive.
Networking: Network switches, routers
Critical systems: Nuclear, medical and aviation devices.
Robotics: Warehouse robots, assembly line robots.
Computer peripheral applications: Portable HDDs, Printers, Scanners
Signal Processing: Radar, Security cameras.
This slide is borrowed from NPTEL course “Introduction to Embedded System Design” by Dhananjay V Gadre and
(NSUT,Delhi) and Prof. Badri Subudhi (IIT Jammu).
Examples of embedded systems at home
Communication: Mobile phone, Landline phone, Modem
Entertainment: TV, TV remote, Set-up box, Music system,
Noise cancellation headphones, Digital picture frame.
Convenience: Washing machine, RO water purifier,
Microwave oven, Shaving Razors (Certain kinds)
Comfort: Air conditioner, fancy hot water geyser, Mood
lamps.
This slide is borrowed from NPTEL course “Introduction to Embedded System Design” by Dhananjay V Gadre and
(NSUT,Delhi) and Prof. Badri Subudhi (IIT Jammu).
Examples of embedded systems at home
Health: Treadmill, blood sugar and pressure measurement,
Fitness tracker watches.
• Utilities: Electricity (electronic) meter, RFID tags.
• Transport: Car, Scooter/motorcycles, Electric bicycles
This slide is borrowed from NPTEL course “Introduction to Embedded System Design” by Dhananjay V Gadre and
(NSUT,Delhi) and Prof. Badri Subudhi (IIT Jammu).
Embedded System Definitions
1. An embedded system is a system that has software embedded into
computer-hardware, which makes a system dedicated for an
application (s) or specific part of an application or product or part of
a larger system.
2. An embedded system is one that has a dedicated purpose software
embedded in a computer hardware.
3. It is a dedicated computer based system for an application(s) or
product. It may be an independent system or a part of large system.
Its software usually embeds into a ROM (Read Only Memory) or
flash.
4. It is any device that includes a programmable computer but is not
itself intended to be a general purpose computer.
5. Embedded Systems are the electronic systems that contain a
microprocessor or a microcontroller, but we do not think of them as
computers– the computer is hidden or embedded in the system.
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Constraints of an Embedded system
• Design
• Available system-memory
• Available processor speed
• Limited power dissipation when running the system
continuously in cycles of the system start, wait for
event, wake-up and run, sleep and stop.
• Performance,
• power,
• size,
• non-recurring design cost, and manufacturing costs.
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Important considerations for selection a processor
For a system designer, the following are important
considerations when selecting a processor:
• Instruction set.
• Maximum bits in an operand (8 or 16 or 32 or 64) in
a single arithmetic or logical operation.
• Clock frequency in MHz or GHz and processing
speed in Million Instructions Per Second (MIPS).
• Cache Memory
• Processor ability to solve the complex algorithms
used in meeting the deadlines for their processing.
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Computer and Instruction Set Architectures
These slides are borrowed from one NPTEL course “ ARM based development” by Prof. Mauli
Shankaran
John Von Neumann Model
John Von Neumann (1903-1957) was an Austria-Hungary-born American mathematician who
made contributions to quantum physics, set theory, topology, economics, computer science.
Von Neumann Architecture
Harvard Architecture
The Harvard Architecture
The Harvard architecture…….contd.
CISC vs RISC
Complex instruction set computer(CISC)
Reduced instruction set computer (RISC)
ARM History
References
