Glycolysis is the process by which cells break down glucose to derive energy, producing pyruvic acid, ATP, and NADH. It occurs in 10 steps, with each step catalyzed by a different enzyme. The process yields a net production of 2 ATP per glucose molecule in anaerobic conditions, and up to 8 or 10 ATP per glucose molecule when oxygen is present.
Glycolysis is the process by which cells break down glucose to derive energy, producing pyruvic acid, ATP, and NADH. It occurs in 10 steps, with each step catalyzed by a different enzyme. The process yields a net production of 2 ATP per glucose molecule in anaerobic conditions, and up to 8 or 10 ATP per glucose molecule when oxygen is present.
Glycolysis is the process by which cells break down glucose to derive energy, producing pyruvic acid, ATP, and NADH. It occurs in 10 steps, with each step catalyzed by a different enzyme. The process yields a net production of 2 ATP per glucose molecule in anaerobic conditions, and up to 8 or 10 ATP per glucose molecule when oxygen is present.
Glycolysis is the process by which cells break down glucose to derive energy, producing pyruvic acid, ATP, and NADH. It occurs in 10 steps, with each step catalyzed by a different enzyme. The process yields a net production of 2 ATP per glucose molecule in anaerobic conditions, and up to 8 or 10 ATP per glucose molecule when oxygen is present.
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Glycolysis
Definition Derived from Greek word Glykys = Sweet Lysis = splitting
The process in cell metabolism by
which carbohydrates and sugars, especially Glucose = (C6H12O6) glucose, are broken down, producing ATP and pyruvic acid and two "high energy" electron carrying molecules of NADH. 10 Steps involves in Glycolysis Step 1 • The enzyme hexokinase phosphorylates (adds a phosphate group to) glucose in the cell's cytoplasm. Step 2 • The enzyme phosphoglucoisomerase converts glucose 6-phosphate into its isomer fructose 6- phosphate. Step 3 • The enzyme phosphofructokinase uses another ATP molecule to transfer a phosphate group to fructose 6- phosphate to form fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate. Step 4 • The enzyme aldolase splits fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate into two sugars that are isomers of each other. These two sugars are dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde phosphate. Step 5 • The enzyme triose phosphate isomerase rapidly inter- converts the molecules dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde phosphate.
• Glyceraldehyde phosphate is removed / used in
next step of Glycolysis. • Net result for steps 4 and 5:
bisphosphoglycerate Step 7 • The enzyme phosphoglycerokinase transfers a P from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to a molecule of ADP to form ATP • This happen for each molecule of 1,3-biphosphoglycerate
Result in step 6: 2 molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate (C3H5O4P1) + 2 ATP
Step 8 • The enzyme phosphoglyceromutase relocates the P from 3- phosphoglycerate from the 3rd carbon to the 2nd carbon to form 2-phosphoglycerate.
2 molecules of 2-Phosphoglycerate (C3H5O4P1)
Step 9 • The enzyme enolase removes a molecule of water from 2-phosphoglycerate to form phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP).
Result: 2 molecules of C3H3O3P1
Step 10 • The enzyme pyruvate kinase transfers a P from PEP to ADP to form pyruvic acid and ATP
Result in step 10: 2 molecules of 2 ATP + 2NADH
Energy Production of Glycolysis ATP produced ATP utilized Net energy
In absence of oxygen 4 ATP 2ATP 2 ATP
(anaerobic (Substrate level From glucose to glycolysis) phosphorylation) glucose -6-p. 2ATP from 1,3 DPG. From fructose -6-p 2ATP from to fructose 1,6 p. phosphoenol pyruvate
In presence of 4 ATP 2ATP 6 ATP
oxygen (aerobic (substrate level -From glucose to Or glycolysis) phosphorylation) glucose -6-p. 8 ATP 2ATP from 1,3 BPG. From fructose -6-p 2ATP from to fructose 1,6 p. phosphoenol pyruvate.
+ 4ATP or 6ATP (from oxidation of 2 NADH + H in mitochondria).
