Genetic or Linkage

mapping of
chromosome
Group - D
 Introduction,
definition and types
of genome mapping :
Genome : A genome is an organisms complete set of genetic instructions. Each genome contains all of the information needed to build
that organism and allow it to grow and develop.
Gene mapping : Gene mapping describes the methods used to identify the locus of a gene and the distances Between genes . Gene
mapping can also describe the distances between different sites within a gene. The essence of all genome mapping is to place a
collection of molecular markers onto their respective position on the genome.
There are two types of genome mapping -
Genetic linkage mapping & Physical or cytological mapping
1.Genetic mapping is a way to identity exactly which chromosome has which gene and exactly pinpointing where that gene lies on that
particular chromosome.
2.Physical mapping is a technique used in molecular biology to find the order and physical distance between DNA base pairs by DNA
markers. It is one of the gene mapping technique which can determine the sequence of DNA base pairs with high accuracy.
 Genetic marker :
A genetic marker is a gene or DNA sequence with a Known location on a
chromosome that can be used to identify individuals or species.

Genetic marker can help link an inherited disease with the responsible gene.
Genetic linkage :
Genetic linkage is the tendency of alleles that are located close together on a
chromosome to be inherited together during meiosis.
Genetic markers, Genes whose loci are nearer to each other are less likely to be separated on to
different chromatids during chromosomal crossover, and are therefore said to be
linkage & genetically linked.
crossing over : Crossing over :
A random exchange of DNA between two non-sister chromatids of homologous
chromosomes.
Result in random of genetic material.
 A. Determination of linkage group:
Determining which genes and markers belong to the same
chromosome is therefore a necessary preparation for map
construction. Sets of linked loci are called linkage groups. Ideally, the
number of linkage groups is the same as the haploid number of
chromosomes.
B. Determination of map distance :
Determination of map distance is a process of genetic mapping of
chromosomes of species. It includes the following processes :
Construction Before starting the mapping one have to know the exact number of
chromosomes of a species to determine the total number of
method of genes.
After knowing total number of genes in each linkage, their relative
linkage map : distance have to be determined.
The distance between two given genes is calculated according to
the percentage of crossing over.
Map distance =(number of recombinant progeny /total number of
progeny)×100
Unit for measurement for genetic linkage is Map unit (mu),Morgan
or Centimorgan.
1mu=1cM.1cM=1%recombination.
•1. Gene mapping from two point test cross:
The percentage of crossing over between two linked genes is calculated by test cross , in which F1 dihybrid is crossed with a double recessive
parent.
•Example : P1 AABB × aabb
Gametes AB × ab

•F1 progeny AaBb(AB/ab or Aa/Bb)

• AaBb × aabb (test cross)
•Gametes AB ab Ab aB× ab

•F2 progeny ABab 583 offspring (parental)

• abab 597 offspring (parental)
• Abab 134 offspring(recombinant)
• aBab 134 offspring(recombinant)
•Recombinant frequency =(No. of recombinant offspring /No. of total offspring) ×100 =(134+134/1448)×100 =18.5% recombinants
•Cross over frequency is directly propotional to distance. So, the distance between A & B gene is 18.5 cM
 2.Gene mapping from three point test cross :
Three point test cross involves 3 loci, here are several different types of crossing over
products obtained, which would be single cross over or double cross over.
Example :
Suppose a Trihybrid test cross occurred between F1 progeny(ABD/abd) with
2.Gene homologous progeny ( abd/abd) and from this we get the following determine gene
order :
mapping from • ABD abd 580 ( parental)
abd abd 597 (parental)
three point • ABd abd 3 (double cross over)
test cross abD abd 5 (double cross over)

• AbD abd 45 (single cross over between genes D & B)

aBd abd 40 (single cross over between genes D & B)

• Abd abd 89 (single cross over between genes A & D)

aBD abd 94 (single cross over between genes A & D)

Total : 1448
 Linkage distance:​

 The distance between A & B is​

={(89+94)+(40+45)/1448}×100 ​= 18.5 cM​

 The distance between D & B is​={(3+5)+(40+45)/1448}×100​=13.2cM​

 The distance between A & D is​={(3+5)+(89+94)/1448}×100​=6.4 cM​

 So, here the order must be....A.....D.....B.....​

13.2....6.4.....​
18.5
Here the distance between A & B genes should have to be
(13.2+6.4)=19.6cM.
But the distance is 18.5 cM . Because in three
point cross there is double cross over. In the distance between
A & B genes we miss the double recombinants.​
 C. DETERMINATION OF GENE ORDER

•On any given chromosome, the order of the genes can be determined by using the percent of recombination
between each gene pair.​After determining the relative distance between the genes of a linkage group, it becomes
easy to place genes in their proper linear order.

Example​: Suppose we have three genes A,B, and C. All three genes are linked with respect to
one another .If the linear order of three genes ABC is to be determined, then these three genes
may be in any one of three different orders depending upon that which gene is in the middle. ​

Now if we suppose that the distance between the gene

A-B=12, B-C=7, A-C=5 ,
we can determine the order of genes correctly in the following manner. ​
•​
 COMBINING MAP SEGMENTS :
c 8 b 10
c
Finally , the different segments of maps of a
complete chromosome are combined to form a c 10 b 22
complete genetic map of 100 centimorgans long for d
a chromosome.
c 30
e 2 d

We can superimpose each of these segments by aligning the A 8 b 10

genes shared in common . c
d 22 b 10​
c

d 2 e 30
c

Then finally we may combine the three segments into the map :​
The a to d distance =(d to b ) - (a to b ) = 22-8 =14​ d 2 e 12 a 8 b​
The a to e distance =(a to d ) - (d to e ) = 14-2 =12 10 c
 The tendency of one crossover to interfere with the other crossover is
called interference. Crossovers in one region decrease the probability
of a second crossover close by interference can measured by
coefficient of coincidence. The coefficient of coincidence is calculated

Interference by dividing the actual frequency of double recombinants by this

expected frequency.

and Coefficient of coincidence = % observed double crossover /%

expected double crossover .

Coincidence: The coincidence is the complement of interference.

So, Coincidence +Interference = 1.0
Interference = 1- coefficient of coincidence.
The value are inversely related.
A value of 1 means the number of double crossovers that occurs is
what would be predicted on the basis of two independent events and
there is no interference.
A value of 0 means that none of the expected crossovers occurred
and interference is total.
 • Genetic mapping also called linkage
mapping can offer firm evidence that a
disease transmitted from parent to child is
linked to one or more genes. Mapping also
provides clues about which chromosome
Uses of contains the gene and precisely where the
gene lies on that chromosome.
genetic • The genetic maps have following uses:
mapping : 1.The chromosome maps display the exact
location, arrangement and combination of
genes is a linkage group or chromosomes.

2.They are useful in predicting the results of

dihybrid and trihybrid crosses.