Facility Planning and Safety

Engineering
Topic 5-Week 5-Session 6

Office Layout Techniques and Space

Requirements & Area Allocation
 Learning Outcome

LO 1: Apply some engineering analysis and techniques in designing

the facility and flow interaction
LO 2: Analyze the floor space requirement, machine and facility
requirement based on layout optimization models
LO 3: Utilize basic knowledge Safety, Health and Environment to control
workplace hazards to prevent injuries, illness and property damage
LO 4: Analyze safety management in a TQM (Total Quality Management)
environment on manufacturing/service company
OFFICE LAYOUT TECHNIQUES AND
SPACE REQUIREMENTS
 Goals of Office Layout Design

1. Minimize project cost.

2. The productivity of employees is important.
3. Office layouts must be flexible.
4. Cleaning and maintaining office space is costly.
5. Noise must be kept to a minimum.
6. Material flow as well as people flow distances must be held to a
minimum.
7. Create a pleasing atmosphere in which to work in order to promote
pride and productivity.
 Goals of Office Layout Design

8. Minimize visual distractions.

9. Create a pleasing reception area.
10. Energy costs can be affected by the layout and must be
minimized wherever possible.
11. Each employee requires adequate work space and equipment.
12. Provide for the convenience of employees.
13. Provide for the safety of employees.
 Types of Office Space

Types of office :
1. Supervisors’ offices
2. Open office space
3. Conventional offices
4. The modern office

Modern Office
 Types of Office Space

Open office space also called bull pen, is large rooms that house many
people. The advantages are :
1. Communications are easier.
2. Common equipment is accessible to more people.
3. Less space is required, as compared to private offices.
4. Heating, cooling, and ventilation costs and problems are
minimized.
5. Supervision of the people in an open office is easier.
6. Layout changes are quicker and less costly in open offices.
7. Files and literature are accessible to all requiring fewer files and
copies of magazines and journals.
8. Cleaning, vacuuming, and sweeping work is reduced.
 Types of Office Space

Open office space also called bull pen, is large rooms that house many
people. The advantages are :
1. Communications are easier.
2. Common equipment is accessible to more people.
3. Less space is required, as compared to private offices.
4. Heating, cooling, and ventilation costs and problems are
minimized.
5. Supervision of the people in an open office is easier.
6. Layout changes are quicker and less costly in open offices.
7. Files and literature are accessible to all requiring fewer files and
copies of magazines and journals.
8. Cleaning, vacuuming, and sweeping work is reduced.
 Types of Office Space

The disadvantage of open office :

1. The lack of privacy is probably the biggest problem with open
offices.
2. Noise is another problem with open offices.
3. Open office space does not have the status that a private office
carries.
4. Confidentiality of some work may require private space.
 Conventional Offices

• Fixed wall offices have independent furniture, four walls, and a

door.
• More than one person can be assigned to an office.
• A function, such as accounting, purchasing, personnel etc. may be
performed in an office.
 The Modern Office

• Tailors individual work areas to satisfy needs of the organization.

• Tables are built into panels to save space and costs.
• Utility (electrical, computer and phone) lines can be carried in the
panels.
• Can be rearranged to meet the changing needs of the organization.
 Special requirements and
considerations

• Privacy may be required by some office employees. Personnel

problems should be discussed in private.
• Every office department needs a supply room or controlled
area.
• Offices in manufacturing plants often have a second floor, since
ceilings are often 20 feet or higher. Departments placed on the
second floor should not require outside visitors or much
travelling during the day.
• Conference rooms can be used to provide privacy when
required in open office areas.
• Legal requirements force companies to keep documents for
years. Central files reduce the needs for many copies.
 Techniques of Office Layout

• Organizational chart technique

• Flowchart (systems and procedures analysis)
• Communications force diagram
• Activity relationship diagram
• Activity worksheet
• Dimensionless block diagram
• Office space determination
 The 200 square feet per person technique
 The level of the organization technique
 The workstation technique
 Techniques of Office Layout

Detailed master layout

• Begins with the length and width of the office for the layout
• Department layouts are next, including internal
walls/boundaries
• The final level is where chairs, desks and other equipment
will be placed
• This detailed plan will be needed before space assignment
can be achieved
• See allowances for specifications
 Summary

• Minimize project cost: The layout planner must recommend

facilities designs that are cost effective.
• Many corporate offices are located in major business centers for
convenience to other businesses.
• Manufacturing plants and other offices are located in rural
areas where space and living costs are usually less.
• Supervisors should be located where they are immediately
accessible to their employees.
 Summary

• Discipline should always be carried out in private.

• Fixed wall offices have independent furniture, four walls, and a
door.
• Analyzing organizational needs, paperwork flow, who works with
whom, and the relationships among departments lead to a master
plan.
• A rough estimate of the office space needs can be calculated by
multiplying the number of office people requiring office space by
200 square feet each.
• The workstation layout approach is the most detailed and will
include restrooms, lockers, cafeterias, reception areas, board
rooms, conference rooms and anything else that takes up space.
 Co-working rental office space
– New trend

• https://id.techinasia.com/daftar-coworking-space-di-jakar
ta-indonesia/
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SIEu_hAqlh4
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UnbNmayOGv4
AREA ALLOCATION
 Space Requirements Planning

• A total plant size and shape is needed very early in the project
in order to design the building.
• Each department’s space needs are analyzed and listed on a
total space requirements worksheet.
• The space requirement for the fabrication area is a total of all
machines and workstations.
• Basements are the biggest user of under-the-floor space.
Almost anything can be placed in a basement area.
• The disadvantage to basement areas are additional
constructions costs, stairs (safety), elevators (flow restrictions),
and maintenance costs.
 Space Requirements Planning

• Clear space is that space from 8 feet above the floor to the
ceiling, also called the truss.
• Over-head conveyor movement of material is a good use of the
building cube in manufacturing.
• A truss is a rafter. The size of the space in the trusses depends
on the width of a bay.
• The roof, although not inside the plant, could be used for
recreational purposes, the central air conditioning system, as a
silo for material storage, for water towers, cooling towers,
quality control testing, parking, and the like.
 Building Size Determination

• Standard buildings come in many increments such as 100 x

100 feet, 50 x 50 feet, and 25 x 50 feet.
• A 25 x 50 foot building would come in multiples of 25 feet
in width and 50 foot increments in length.
• A 2:1 length to width ratio is very desirable because of
material flow and convenient accessibility
 Area Allocation Procedure

• The first step in area allocation is to establish a grid using something

like an ½ inch graph paper.
• A scale of ½ inch = 20 feet will make each ½ x ½ inch square equal to
400 square feet. (fig 13-3a, page 406).
• The second step of area allocation is to calculate the number of
squares (400 square feet) needed by each department.
• The third step is to place these blocks into the area allocation layout
using the dimensionless block diagram as a guide (fig 13-3b, page
406).
• The fourth step of the area allocation procedure is a layout with the
internal walls (fig 13-3c, page 406).
• Once the area allocation procedure produces a final plan, the
architect can start on the building design and construction.
 Office Area Allocation

• The office area allocation procedure is the same as the plant area
allocation procedure.
• The organizational chart and the dimensionless block diagram will
be the basic sources of information.
• A preliminary estimate of 200 square feet per person will give you
a rough idea of space needed. The level of the organization
technique will give you a better idea of needed space. These two
figures should be close to each other.
 Office Area Allocation

• The closeness relationship should be retained in the dimensionless

block diagram.
• A scale of ½ inch equal to 10 feet will make each ½ x ½ inch square
equal to 100 square feet.
• Calculate the number of squares needed for each office or function.
• Aisles should be straight and run the full length and width of an
office.
• The best arrangement will satisfy the most relationships in the
dimensionless block diagram (fig 13-4c, page 409).
 Summary

• Area allocation is the process of allocating space among the departments.

• Each department’s space needs are analyzed and listed on a total space
requirements worksheet.
• The manufacturing space, production services space, employee services space,
office space, and outside area space are all determined separately and then
listed on the worksheet .
• Under the Floor: Utilities (electrical, compressed air, and water) can be placed
under the floor in small trenches. Walkways between buildings can also be
placed underground.
• Overhead or Clear Space Areas: A mezzanine can double space utilization.
Overhead conveyor movement of material is also a good use of the building in
manufacturing.
• Roof: Can be used for recreational purposes, for material storage, or for water
towers.
• Standard buildings come in many increments such as 100 x 100 feet, 50 x 50
feet, and 25 x 50 feet.
 References

• Stephens, Matthew P., & Meyers, F. E. (2013). Manufacturing

facilities design and material handling. Purdue University Press.
ISBN-13: 978-1-55753-650-1
Thank You