College of Engineering and Architecture

University of Nueva Caceres

Inferential Statistics:
HypothesisTesting
Objective
• State the null and alternative hypotheses
• Find critical values for the z test.
• Test means when s is known, using the z test.
• Test means when σ is unknown, using the t test.
• Test variances or standard deviations, using the chi-square
test
• Test hypotheses, using confidence intervals
Introduction
• Researchers are interested in answering many types of questions.
• For example, a scientist might want to know whether there is
evidence of global warming.
• A physician might want to know whether a new medication will
lower a person’s blood pressure.
• Automobile manufacturers are interested in determining whether
a new type of seat belt will reduce the severity of injuries caused
by accidents.
• These types of questions can be addressed through statistical
hypothesis testing, which is a decision-making process for
evaluating claims about a population.
Topics
• Steps in Hypothesis Testing—Traditional Method
• z-Test for a Mean
• t - Test for a Mean
• X2 Test for a Variance or Standard Deviation
Traditional Method
Steps in HypothesisTesting
Statistical Hypothesis
• A statistical hypothesis is a conjecture about
a population parameter. This conjecture may
or may not be true.
Two Types of Statistical Hypothesis
• Null Hypothesis (H )
0
• is a statistical hypothesis that states that there is no difference
between a parameter and a specific value, or that there is no
difference between two parameters.

• Alternative hypothesis (H )
1
• is a statistical hypothesis that states the existence of a
difference between a parameter and a specific value, or states
that there is a difference between two parameters.
Classification Of Alternative Hypothesis
• Non – directional Hypothesis
• The one which asserts the value is different from
another
• Makes use of the “not equal to” sign
• two – sided hypothesis
Classification Of Alternative Hypothesis
• Directional Hypothesis
• An assertion that one measure is less than or greater
than another measure of similar nature
• Involves one of the order relatives, “less than” or
“greater than”
• One – sided hypothesis
How Hypotheses Should Be Stated?
Situation A
A medical researcher is interested in finding out
whether a new medication will have any undesirable
side effects. The researcher is particularly concerned
with the pulse rate of the patients who take the
medication. Will the pulse rate increase, decrease, or
remain unchanged after a patient takes the medication?

Since the researcher knows that the mean pulse rate for
the population under study is 82 beats per minute
Situation A
• the hypotheses for this situation are

𝐻 0 : 𝜇=82 Null hypothesis : the mean will remain unchanged

𝐻 1 : 𝜇 ≠ 82 Alternative hypothesis : the mean will be different

This test is called a two-tailed test since the possible side effects of the
medicine could be to raise or lower the pulse rate.
 Situation B
• A chemist invents an additive to increase the life of an automobile
battery. If the mean lifetime of the automobile battery without the
additive is 36 months, then her hypotheses are :

𝐻 0 : 𝜇=36

𝐻 1 : 𝜇>36

This test is called right-tailed, since the interest is in an increase

only
 Situation C
• A contractor wishes to lower heating bills by using a
special type of insulation in houses. If the average of the
monthly heating bills is $78,

𝐻 0 : 𝜇=$ 78 78

This test is a left-tailed test, since the contractor is interested only in

lowering heating costs
Conclusions in Hypothesis Testing
• reject H0 in favor of H1 because of sufficient
evidence in the data
• fail to reject H0 because of insufficient evidence in
the data.
Illustration:
• H0: defendant is innocent,
• H1: defendant is guilty.
Possible Outcomes of a
Hypothesis Test

A type I error occurs if you reject the

null hypothesis when it is true.

A type II error occurs if you do not

reject the null hypothesis when it is
false.
Level of Significance
• is the maximum probability of committing a type I error.
• This probability is symbolized by a (Greek letter alpha).
That is, P(type I error) =α.
• levels: 0.10, 0.05, and 0.01
• Example: when α = 0.05, there is a 5% chance of rejecting
a true null hypothesis
• The critical or rejection region is the range of test values that
indicates that there is a significant difference and that the null
hypothesis should be rejected.
• The noncritical or nonrejection region is the range of test
values that indicates that the difference was probably due to
chance and that the null hypothesis should not be rejected.
• The critical value separates the critical region from the
noncritical region. The symbol for critical value is C.V.
one-tailed test
• indicates that the null hypothesis should be rejected
when the test value is in the critical region on one
side of the mean. A one-tailed test is either a right-
tailed test or left-tailed test.
Right Tailed Test
Situation B
A chemist invents an
additive to increase the life
of an automobile battery.
If the mean lifetime of the
automobile battery
without the additive is 36
months, then her
hypotheses are :
𝐻 0 : 𝜇=36

𝐻 1 : 𝜇>36
Left-Tailed Test
Situation C
A contractor wishes to
lower heating bills by
using a special type of
insulation in houses. If the
average of the monthly
heating bills is $78,
𝐻 0 : 𝜇=$ 78
78
Two-Tailed Test
• the null hypothesis should be rejected when the test value is in
either of the two critical regions.
• the critical region must be split into two equal parts. If α = 0.01,
then one-half of the area, or 0.005, must be to the right of the
mean and one-half must be to the left of the mean
 Situation A
Two-Tailed Test A medical researcher is
interested in finding out
whether a new medication will
have any undesirable side
effects. The researcher is
particularly concerned with the
pulse rate of the patients who
take the medication. Will the
pulse rate increase, decrease,
or remain unchanged after a
patient takes the medication?
𝐻 0 : 𝜇=82

𝐻 1 : 𝜇 ≠ 82
Tw0-Tailed Test
Sample Problem:
A manufacturer of a certain brand of rice cereal claims that
the average saturated fat content does not exceed 1.5 grams
per serving. State the null and alternative hypotheses to be
used in testing this claim and determine where the critical
region is located.
Sample Problem:
A real estate agent claims that 60% of all private residences
being built today are 3-bedroom homes. To test this claim, a
large sample of new residences is inspected; the proportion
of these homes with 3 bedrooms is recorded and used as the
test statistic. State the null and alternative hypotheses to be
used in this test and determine the location of the critical
region.
Solving Hypothesis-Testing Problems
(Traditional Method)

1. State the null and alternative hypotheses.

2. Choose a fixed significance level α.
3. Choose an appropriate test statistic and establish the critical
region based on α.
4. Reject H0 if the computed test statistic is in the critical
region. Otherwise, do not reject.
5. Draw scientific or engineering conclusions.
Summarizing Results
Single Sample:
Tests Concerning a Single
Tests on a Single Mean (Variance Known)
• is a statistical test for the mean of a population.
• It can be used either when n 30 or when the population is normally
distributed and σ is known.

𝑋=𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
𝑋−𝜇 𝜇=h𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡h𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
𝑧= 𝜎 =𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝜎 / √𝑛 𝑛=𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
EXAMPLE
A manufacturer of sports equipment has developed a
new synthetic fishing line that the company claims
has a mean breaking strength of 8 kilograms with a
standard deviation of 0.5 kilogram. Test the
hypothesis that μ = 8 kilograms against the
alternative that μ = 8 kilograms if a random sample of
50 lines is tested and found to have a mean breaking
strength of 7.8 kilograms. Use a 0.01 level of
significance.
EXAMPLE
A random sample of 100 recorded deaths in the
United States during the past year showed an
average life span of 71.8 years. Assuming a
population standard deviation of 8.9 years, does this
seem to indicate that the mean life span today is
greater than 70 years? Use a 0.05 level of
significance.
EXAMPLE
• An electrical firm manufactures light bulbs that
have a lifetime that is approximately normally
distributed with a mean of 800 hours and a standard
deviation of 40 hours. Test the hypothesis that μ =
800 hours against the alternative, μ 800 hours, if a
random sample of 30 bulbs has an average life of
788 hours. Use 0.05 level of significance.
Tests on a Single Sample (Variance
Unknown)
• is a statistical test for the mean of a population and is used when
the population is normally or approximately normally distributed
and σ is unknown
𝑋=𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
𝑋 −𝜇 𝜇=h𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡h𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
𝑡=
𝑠/ √ 𝑛 𝑠=𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑛=𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒

𝑡h𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝑑 . 𝑓 .=𝑛 −1

Tests on a Single Sample (Variance
Unknown)
• is a statistical test for the mean of a population and is used when
the population is normally or approximately normally distributed
and σ is unknown
• As the degrees of freedom get larger, the critical values approach
the z values
Zee vs. Tee
z - test t - test
σ – known σ - unknown
n > 30
Level of significance Degree of freedom
v=n–1
EXAMPLE
• The Edison Electric Institute has published figures on the
number of kilowatt hours used annually by various home
appliances. It is claimed that a vacuum cleaner uses an
average of 46 kilowatt hours per year. If a random sample of
12 homes included in a planned study indicates that vacuum
cleaners use an average of 42 kilowatt hours per year with a
sample standard deviation of 11.9 kilowatt hours, does this
suggest at the 0.05 level of significance that vacuum cleaners
use, on average, less than 46 kilowatt hours annually?
Assume the population of kilowatt hours to be normal.
EXAMPLE
• A corporation sets its annual budget for a new plant on the
assumption that the average weekly cost for repairs is to
be $1,200. To see whether this claim is realistic, 10 weekly
repairs cost figures are obtained from similar plants. The
sample is assumed to be random and yields a mean of
$1,290 and a standard deviation of $110. Does this sample
indicate that $1,200 is not good assumed value for the
mean weekly cost of repairs? Use a 0.05 level of
significance. Assume normality of weekly repair costs.
EXAMPLE
• A report from 6 years ago indicated that the average gross
salary for a business analyst was $ 69,873. Since this survey
is now out – dated, the Bureau of Labor Statistics wishes
to test this figure against current salaries to see if the
current salaries are statistically different from the old
ones. Based on the samples, it is found that the mean is $
79, 180 and the standard deviation is $14, 985. for this
study, the bureau will take a sample of 12 current salaries.
Use a 0.05 level of significance.
Test on the Variance and
Standard Deviation of a
Normal Distribution
Testing for Variance : Chi – Square Test
• A chi – squared test, also written as x2 is any statistical hypothesis
test wherein the sampling distribution of the test statistic is a chi –
squared distribution when the null hypothesis is true.
• Test for normality
Properties of Chi – Square test for Variance
and Standard deviation
1. All chi-square values are greater than or equal to 0.
2. The chi-square distribution is a family of curves based on
the degrees of freedom.
3. The area under each chi-square distribution is equal to 1.
4. The chi-square distributions are positively skewed.
Chi – Square Test
• used to test a claim about a single variance or standard deviation.

2
2( 𝑛 −1) 𝑠
𝑋 = 2
𝜎 s²
σ²
𝑛=𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
Test for normality
• NULL HYPOTHESIS
• σ² = σ
• ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
• σ² < σ
• σ² > σ
• σ² σ
EXAMPLE
• A manufacturer of car batteries claims that the life of the
company’s batteries is approximately normally distributed
with a standard deviation equal to 0.9 year. If a random
sample of 10 of these batteries has a standard deviation of
1.2 years, do you think that σ > 0.9 year? Use a 0.05 level of
significance.
EXAMPLE
The standard deviation for the Math SAT test is 100. The
variance is 10,000. An instructor wishes to see if the
variance of the 23 randomly selected students in her school
is less than 10,000. The variance for the 23 test scores is
7225. Is there enough evidence to support the claim that the
variance of the students in her school is less than 10,000 at
α = 0.05? Assume that the scores are normally distributed.
EXAMPLE
• Past experience indicates that the time required for high
school seniors to complete a standardized test is a normal
random variable with a standard deviation of 6 minutes.
Test the hypothesis that σ = 6 against the alternative that
σ < 6 if a random sample of the test times of 20 high school
seniors has a standard deviation s = 4.51. Use a 0.05 level
of significance.
Test on a
Single Proportion
Hypotheses:
• p < p0
• p>p0
• p ≠ p0
Testing a Proportion
EXAMPLE
• A builder claims that heat pumps are installed in 70% of all
homes being constructed today in the city of Richmond,
Virginia. Would you agree with this claim if a random
survey of new homes in this city showed that 8 out of 15
had heat pumps installed? Use a 0.10 level of significance.
EXAMPLE
• A new radar device is being considered for a certain missile
defense system. The system is checked by experimenting
with aircraft in which a kill or a no kill is simulated. If, in 300
trials, 250 kills occur, accept or reject, at the 0.04 level of
significance, the claim that the probability of a kill with the
new system does not exceed the 0.8 probability of the
existing device.
EXAMPLE
• A commonly prescribed drug for relieving nervous tension is
believed to be only 60% effective. Experimental results with a new
drug administered to a random sample of 100 adults who were
suffering from nervous tension show that 70 received relief. Is this
sufficient evidence to conclude that the new drug is superior to the
one commonly prescribed? Use a 0.05 level of significance.