SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT.

- CONTROLS AND MEASURES.

KEY COMPONENTS OF SOLID
WASTE MANAGEMENT.

• Solid waste management can be divided

into five key components:
GENERATION
STORAGE
COLLECTION
TRANSPORTATION
DISPOSAL
 1. GENERATION.

Generation of solid waste is the stage at which materials

become valueless to the owner and since they have no
use for them and require them no longer, they wish to get
rid of them. Items which may be valueless to one
individual may not necessarily be valueless to another. For
example, waste items such as tins can may be highly
sought after by young children.
 2.STORAGE
Storage is a system for keeping materials after they have been discarded
and prior to collection and final disposal. Where on-site disposal systems
are implemented, such as where people discard items directly into family
pits, storage may not be necessary. In emergency situations, especially in
the early stages, it is likely that the affected population will discard
domestic waste in poorly defined heaps close to dwelling areas. If this is
the case, improved disposal or storage facilities should be provided fairly
quickly and these should be located where people are able to use them
easily. Improved storage facilities include:
Small containers: household containers, plastic bins, etc.
Large container: communal bins, oil drums, etc.
Communal depots: walled or fenced- in areas.
In determining the size, quantity and distribution of
storage facilities the number of users, type of waste
and maximum walking distance must be considered.
The frequency of emptying must also be
determined, and it should be ensured that all
facilities are reasonably safe from theft or
vandalism.
 3. COLLECTION.

Collection simply refers to how waste is collected for

transportation to the final disposal site. Any collection
system should be carefully planned to ensure that
storage facilities do not become overloaded. Collection
intervals and volumes of collected waste must be
estimated carefully.
 4. TRANSPORTATION
This is the stage when solid waste is transported to the final
disposal site. There are various modes of transport which may be
adopted and the chosen method depends upon local availability
and the volume of waste to be transported.

Types of transportation can be divided into three categories:

under Human-powered comes : open hand-cart with bins,

wheelbarrow, tricycle.
under Animal-powered: donkey-dawn cart.
and in Motorised: tractor and trailer, standard truck, tipper-truck.
 5. DISPOSAL.
The final stage of solid waste management is safe disposal
where associated risks are minimised. There are four main
methods for the disposal of solid waste:
Land application: burial or landfilling.
Composition.
Burning or incineration
Recycling ( resource recovery )
The most common of these is undoubtedly land
application.
Disease and public health crises

Inappropriate disposal of municipal solid waste on the roads and

surroundings results in the production of foul smell and spread of
diseases, due to the decomposition of biological matter.
Contamination of groundwater takes place because of toxic
substances release from solid wastes. Water contamination due to
improper disposal of solid waste causes diseases like diarrhea,
dysentery, typhoid, cholera, plague, etc. and these points factor in
the deterioration of public health and can cause potentially fatal
diseases as mentioned above.
Diseases caused by biomedical
waste.
When improperly handled, biomedical waste could cause several diseases. The
World Health Organization has reported that the pathogens that exist within
medical waste can be linked to the following diseases:
Parasitic infections-Healthcare facilities that test patients for parasites often
have waste that is contaminated with live parasites. Bodily fluids are tested by
incubation and then disposed of as waste once the test is complete. It makes sense
that any waste from these types of procedures could be highly infectious if disposed
of improperly.
Meningitis-Meningitis is contracted via bodily fluids and causes inflammation of
the membranes around the brain and spinal chord. Biomedical waste that contains
bodily fluids can pose a risk of meningitis to those who come in contact with it
accidentally.
Skin infections
Skin can become easily infected if it comes in contact with
any number of pathogens in medical waste. It’s crucial
that your staff wear the required gear when handling any
waste generated from your facility and that it is not
discarded in a public container or a container that has any
cracks, breaks or leaks.
Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C
An accidental prick from a needle that has come in contact
with both Hepatitis B and C can result in dangerous
infections and transmit these diseases. It’s critical that you
dispose all sharps in the proper container.
 Waste Hierarchy:
The hierarchy of waste management is reducing the use of materials and
reusing them to be the most environmental friendly. Source reduction begins
with reducing the amount of waste generated and reusing materials to
prevent them from entering the waste stream . Thus, waste is not generated
until the end of “reuse” phase. Once the waste is generated, it needs to be
collected. Material recovery from waste in the form of recycling and
composting is recognized to be the most effective way of handling wastes. Due
to technical and economic limitations of recycling; product design; inadequate
source separation and lack of sufficient markets that can use all sorted
materials, most of the MSW generated in India ends up in landfills. Local
authorities should start working with their partners to promote source
separation. While this is being achieved and recycling is increased, provisions
should be made to handle the non-recyclable wastes that are and will be
generated in the future.
Reduce / Waste Minimization:
. The best way to deal with trash is to not have any!
• Reducing the amount of trash you have to throw out
actually prevents waste from piling up in the first place.
• To reduce your waste, avoid unnecessary packaging and
items designed to be used only once.
– Reduce the need for ’single use’ plastic bags by bringing
your own bags when you shop, and use a travel mug when
you buy coffee.
– Choose durable, reusable products to make less trash.
• Reuse: Reusing items can save energy and money, and prolong
the item’s useful life.
• Extend the life of items you buy by reusing them.
– For example, reuse containers and jars, and donate still usable
household goods and clothing to charity.
• Recycle: Every day we use products made from recycled
materials.
• Take your glass, cans, newspapers, milk jugs and other acceptable
recyclable items to your local transfer station, drop off location or place
out for curbside collection so that they can be turned into new products
like fleece jackets,
• Frisbees, paper products, and soda cans. Recycling saves money,
energy, and the environment.
• 36.76% of Maine's municipal solid waste was recycled in 2015.
Compost: Composting is nature's way of recycling organics.
• When you compost, you convert vegetable scraps, leaves, grass
clippings and other materials into a nutrient rich soil material.
• You can use finished compost in your garden and around shrubs or
other plants to help them grow.
• Composting also reduces the amount of materials that need to be
disposed of, reducing those related costs.
Processing and Beneficial Use: Processing reduces the volume of materials
to be landfilled and can create products such as fuel oils and steam for
electricity generation.
Beneficial use means the reuse of solid waste as a substitute for raw
material in manufacturing, as construction material or fill, as a fuel, or as
an agronomic soil amendment.
Energy Recovery :-Energy recovery is a method of recovering the
chemical energy in MSW. Chemical energy stored in wastes is a fraction
of input energy expanded in making those materials.Waste-To-Energy:
Waste-to-Energy facilities accept our solid waste and combust it at
very high temperatures, producing heat that is used to convert water into
steam. The steam is used to run turbines that generate electricity.
• Scrubbers, filters, and other pollution control equipment reduce
pollutants released during the incineration process. Ash and other
residues from this process are landfilled.
• Over 27% of Maine's municipal solid waste was combusted in
2015.
 ZERO WASTE SYSTEM:
What is zero waste?
Zero waste is a philosophy that encourages the redesign of resource life cycles so that all
products are reused. No trash is sent to landfills and incinerators. The process
recommended is one similar to the way that resources are reused in nature.
Zero Waste means designing and managing products and processes to systematically avoid
and eliminate the volume and toxicity of waste and materials, conserve and recover all
resources, and not burn or bury them. Zero waste conserves resources and minimizes
pollution.
Zero Waste Systems Inc (ZWS), which was founded by PhD chemist Paul Palmer in the mid-
1970s in Oakland, California.
Objectives Of Zero waste system :

 Too see a reduction in the amount of waste (in tonnes)

send to landfill (target is 66% resources recovery rate by
2014.
 Encourage people to avoid waste, and to reuse and recycle
more.
 Awareness on environmental waste issues and behaviour
change on those issues.
Environment Protection act,
1986
 The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 authorizes
the central government to protect and improve
environmental quality, control and reduce pollution
from all sources, and prohibit or restrict the setting
and /or operation of any industrial facility on
environmental grounds.
Solid waste management Rules 2016

No person should throw, burn, or bury the solid waste

generated by him, on streets, open public spaces outside
his premises, or in the drain, or water bodies. Generator will
have to pay 'User Fee' to waste collector and for 'Spot Fine'
for Littering and Non-segregation.
Conclusion:

 Reducing waste generation and maximizing the recycling rate are major
challenges and will remain in the future also. Waste minimization at source is
the first important action for managing the MSW and material recycling
represents the best environmentally friendly way for MSWM; Recycling is
truly an eco-friendly technology through which we can convert all organic
waste into a product which is rich in nutrient content and can replace chemical
fertilizer.
 “The waste is Gold if it is properly held:"
It is known that the waste which is thrown away can be used in many different ways.
Urban solid waste management is an essential social service for protection of
environment and health of the citizens. Therefore, a least cost most appropriate
technological option for safe management should receive the needful funding. Industries,
institutions, non-government agencies and individual citizen should all co-operate with
the municipal authorities in ensuring safe management. As society moves waste to the
forefront of public policy, it is more apparent that what we discard annually contains a
multitude of valuable and recoverable materials. An intergraded waste management
system entails a careful analysis of what is in the waste stream and offers ideas on
practices to recover the various materials at the point of highest value. The best strategy
for a community is to match its unique position with the mix of activities that will best
serve it now and far into the future.