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C++ Session 4

The document discusses for loops in C++. It provides examples of basic for loop syntax and usage, including initializing variables, boolean expressions, updates, and multiple statements in the loop body. It also demonstrates breaking out of loops using break, calculating factorials with loops, and nested for loops. While goto statements are mentioned, their use is discouraged due to making code harder to follow.

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35 views17 pages

C++ Session 4

The document discusses for loops in C++. It provides examples of basic for loop syntax and usage, including initializing variables, boolean expressions, updates, and multiple statements in the loop body. It also demonstrates breaking out of loops using break, calculating factorials with loops, and nested for loops. While goto statements are mentioned, their use is discouraged due to making code harder to follow.

Uploaded by

jehoshua35
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Flow Control 2

Loops
Go through a cycle until a condition is not met
//prevents scientific notation output << std::fixed <<k;
For Statement - Syntax
for (initiation;Boolean_Expression; Update)
examples
for (int num = 20; num<12; num--)
Cout<<num <<“ Dollars on the table, \n” ;
for (int n = 0; n > - 21; n -= 7)
Cout<<“n is now equal to ”<<n<<endl;
for(double sizes = 0.3; sizes<=5; sizes +=0.14)
cout<< “Size now is equal to ”<<sizes<<endl;
Pitfall, do not terminate with a semi colon
for (int n = 0; n > - 21; n -= 7);
Example
#include <iostream> Answer
using namespace std;
The value of a is 1
int main() The value of a is 2
{ The value of a is 3
float a =1; The value of a is 4
for(a; a<10;a++)
The value of a is 5
{
cout<<"The value of a is "<<a<<endl; The value of a is 6
The value of a is 7
} The value of a is 8
The value of a is 9
return 0;
}
Terminating the loop with break
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
The value of a is 1
int main()
{ The value of a is 2
float a =1;
for(a; a<10;a++)
The value of a is 3
{ The value of a is 4
cout<<"The value of a is "<<a<<endl;
The value of a is 5
if(a==5)
break;

return 0;
Terminating the loop with break
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
The value of a is 1
int main()
{
float a =1;
for(a; a<10;a++)
{
cout<<"The value of a is "<<a<<endl;

break;

return 0;
}
Another example
#include <iostream>
cout<<"The sum of the
using namespace std;
numbers from 1 to 10 is "
<<sum;
int main()
{ return 0;
int sum = 0; }
for(int n= 1; n<=10; n++)
sum += n;

The sum of numbers from 1 to 10 is: 55


Leading to For Loop
#include <iostream> 1
using namespace std; 2
3
int main()
4
{
int num = 1;
5
cout<<num++<<endl;
6
cout<<num++<<endl; 7
cout<<num++<<endl;
cout<<num++<<endl;
We could achieve the same
cout<<num++<<endl;
cout<<num++<<endl;
Results with far less code by
cout<<num++<<endl;
using the for loop

return 0;
For Loop

#include <iostream>
using namespace std; 1
2
int main() 3
{ 4
5
for (int num = 1;num<=7;num++) 6
cout<<num<<endl; 7

return 0;
}
For loop with multiple statement body
• Syntax
for (initialization; BooleanExpression; update)
{
statement1;
statement2;
………………
statementn;
}
Factorial of a number
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int num, factorial=1;
cout<<"Please enter a number: ";
cin>>num;
cout<<"the factorial of "<<num <<" is ";

for (int i =1;i<=num; i++)


factorial *=i;
cout<<factorial;
return 0;
}
Breaking off a loop (if)
#include <iostream>
using namespace std; if (number == secret)
int main() {
{ cout<<“Your guess is right"<<endl;
break;
int number, counter, secret = 3; }
cout<<"Guess a no. from 0 to 6 "<<endl else
<<"You have 3 chances to get it cout<<"You got it wrong"<<endl
right"<<endl; <<"you have tried "<<counter<<"
time(s)"<<endl
<<"Try again"<<endl<<endl;
for(counter = 1; counter<=3; counter++)
{
}
cout<<endl<<endl; //double space
cout<<"Program over"<<endl<<endl;
cout<<"Enter your number now: ";
cin>>number; return 0;
}

We use the break statement to come out of the loop


Nested for loop
• You can nest a for loop just as we did for
nested if statement.
• The first for condition should be true for the
nested for condition (second) to work
Nested for loop
#include <iostream>
using namespace std; When x is 1:
int main() Y goes from: 1, 3, 5,
{
for (int x= 1; x <=3; x++)
When x is 2:
{ Y goes from: 1, 3, 5,
cout<<"When x is "<<x<<endl; When x is 3:
cout<<"Y goes from: ";
for(int y = 1; y<=6; y +=2) Y goes from: 1, 3, 5,
{
} cout<<y<<", ";

cout<<endl;
}
return 0;
Example
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
float go;
string aman ="Bongobar";
for (go=3;go<aman.length();go++)
cout<<go<<", ";

return 0;
}
goto
A goto statement provides an unconditional
jump from the goto to a labelled statement in
the same function.
Use of goto statement is highly discouraged
because it makes difficult to trace the control
flow of a program, making the program hard to
understand and hard to modify.
Any program that uses a goto can be rewritten
so that it doesn't need the goto.
// goto loop example
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{ int n=10; //Should be declared before mylabel
mylabel: //if not you hit an infinite loop
cout << n << ", ";
n--;
if (n>0) goto mylabel;
cout << endl<<“now out of go to !\n";
return 0; }
#include <iostream>
if (n<0)
using namespace std; goto rotation;
cout<<"This is the end";
int main () return 0;
}
{
int n = -8;
rotation:
cout<<n<<",";
n++;

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