The document defines several key computing concepts including bytes, bits, kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, terabytes, CD-ROMs, client-server networks, types of servers, the clipboard, and clock rate. It explains that a byte is the basic unit of digital information, 8 bits make up a byte, and prefixes like kilo, mega, giga, and tera are used to denote larger units of bytes. It also provides descriptions of common server types, how client-server networks function, and definitions of the clipboard and clock rate.
The document defines several key computing concepts including bytes, bits, kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, terabytes, CD-ROMs, client-server networks, types of servers, the clipboard, and clock rate. It explains that a byte is the basic unit of digital information, 8 bits make up a byte, and prefixes like kilo, mega, giga, and tera are used to denote larger units of bytes. It also provides descriptions of common server types, how client-server networks function, and definitions of the clipboard and clock rate.
The document defines several key computing concepts including bytes, bits, kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, terabytes, CD-ROMs, client-server networks, types of servers, the clipboard, and clock rate. It explains that a byte is the basic unit of digital information, 8 bits make up a byte, and prefixes like kilo, mega, giga, and tera are used to denote larger units of bytes. It also provides descriptions of common server types, how client-server networks function, and definitions of the clipboard and clock rate.
The document defines several key computing concepts including bytes, bits, kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, terabytes, CD-ROMs, client-server networks, types of servers, the clipboard, and clock rate. It explains that a byte is the basic unit of digital information, 8 bits make up a byte, and prefixes like kilo, mega, giga, and tera are used to denote larger units of bytes. It also provides descriptions of common server types, how client-server networks function, and definitions of the clipboard and clock rate.
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Group 3 Presentation:
Introduction to Computing
Prepared by: Daniel Caralos and Kenji Mallari
Byte - is a unit of data that is eight binary digits long. A byte is the unit most computers use to represent a character such as a letter, number or typographic symbol. Byte is abbreviated with an uppercase B. Bytes in computer processing and programming In some computer systems, four bytes constitute a word, a unit that a computer processor can handle efficiently as it reads and processes each instruction. Depending on the capabilities, some computer processors can handle two-byte or single-byte instructions. Language scripts can sometimes require two bytes to represent a character. These are called double-byte character sets. How many bits in a byte? A bit is represented by a lowercase b. While a byte can hold a letter or symbol, a bit is the smallest unit of storage, storing just one binary digit. The standard number of bits in a byte is eight, but that number can vary from system to system, depending on the hardware. Understanding the prefixes used with bytes can help further identify the size of a byte. Commonly used prefixes include kilo-, mega-, giga- and tera-.
A kilobyte (KB) is equal to 1,024 bytes. A small email could be
considered around 2 KB and a three-page paper around 25 KB.
Megabytes (MB) are equal to 1,048,576 bytes. For normal
quality audio, a song is about 3-4 MB -- about 1 MB per minute. A high-quality photo may be about 2-5 MB. A gigabyte (GB) is equal to 1,073,741,824 bytes. As a frame of reference, a computer may have up to 4 GB of RAM; a single layer DVD can hold up to 4.7 GB of data; a hard drive could be used to hold 750 GB; or a video game could have 30-60 GB of data.
A terabyte (TB) is 1,000,000,000,000 bytes, or 1,000 GB. External
hard drives may commonly be found at around 1-8 TB. CD-ROM Stands for "Compact Disc Read-Only Memory." CD-ROM is a read-only optical media format that uses CDs to store data. A computer with an optical drive can read, but not write, data on a CD-ROM. A single disc can store up to 700 MB of data. Some CD- ROM discs, known as "Enhanced CDs," store a combination of audio tracks and a data track. CD-ROM discs were often used to distribute software and video games in the 1990s and 2000s before eventually being replaced by higher-capacity DVDs. CD-ROM vs. AUDIO CD CD-ROM discs and audio CDs are physically identical, storing and retrieving data in the same method. Digital data is encoded and stored as a series of pits on a flat reflective layer on the bottom of the disc. The laser in the optical drive reads these pits, then decodes the data. The only difference between the two is how the data is formatted — multiple PCM audio tracks on an audio CD, or a single track containing data on a file system on a CD-ROM. CD-ROM vs. AUDIO CD An optical drive can spin a CD-ROM disc at a significantly higher speed than an audio CD player. A CD spinning at the standard rate for audio playback supports a data transfer rate of approximately 150 KB/s; at this speed, reading an entire CD-ROM full of data takes almost 80 minutes. CD-ROM drives are classified by how many times faster they can spin, with many drives capable of 40x (6,144 KB/s) or more. Client-Server A client-server network is a form of internet network that consists of a single central computer functioning as a server and directing several other computers, referred to as clients. Clients can access shared files and information kept on the serving machine by connecting to the server. Furthermore, client-server networks are similar to peer-to-peer networks in principle, with the distinction that only the server may begin a transaction. What is a Client-Server Network? A client- server network is a communications architecture in which clients receive resources and services from a dedicated host over a local area network (LAN) or a wide-area network (WAN), such as the Internet. A dedicated server called a daemon may be used to wait for client requests, at which point a network connection is established and maintained until the client request is completed. A client-server network facilitates data transmission while protecting the sent data. Using the network is a smart solution for businesses looking for quicker and more secure data transfer. What are the Types of Servers? 1. Web Server: These servers establish a connection between your computer and any saved data from an internet website. Information for the internet is stored on web servers and is obtained using "HTTP" code before being transferred to your web browser. One of the most popular server types is this one. What are the Types of Servers? 2. Virtual Machine (VM): Virtual machines only store and connect data in virtual spaces, as their title indicates. A hypervisor, commonly referred to as a virtual machine monitor (VMM), is software that allows IT teams to operate hundreds of virtual machines on a single piece of real hardware. Because they are the most economical sort of server to run, this server virtualization technique is commonly utilized for data transit and storage. What are the Types of Servers? 3. Proxy Server: Proxy servers operate as a bridge between a host server and a client. After passing via the proxy's server, a proxy transfers data from a website to the IP address of your machine. Since the information is requested and then transported from the source to the proxy server rather than straight from a client to another user, this method offers an extra degree of protection. Numerous harmful internet activities can be blocked by a proxy server. What are the Types of Servers? 4. Application Server: Through virtual server connections, these servers link clients to software programs. This enables users to access programs without downloading data to their own devices. Application servers are the best choice for companies because they can efficiently host big volumes of application data for numerous users at once. What are the Types of Servers? 5. File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Server: To transfer files from one computer to another, FTP servers are utilized. Downloaded files are extracted onto your device from the server, while uploaded files go from your PC to the server. To connect computers securely and transmit data, this process is known as the file transfer protocol. What are the Types of Servers? 6. Database Server: Database servers act as substantial data repositories that businesses may access and utilize to operate a variety of applications. Any database design is not necessary for a database server to function.
7. Mail Server: A mail server stores and delivers messages for users via platforms that provide email services. Users don't need to run any software on their own devices to access their email since mail servers are configured to be connected to a network constantly. What are the Types of Servers? 8. File Server: Multiple users' data files are kept on a file server. They enable quicker file writing to computers and faster data retrieval. When many users require access to files that are more readily and securely saved on a server than on a personal computer, enterprises frequently utilize this basic type of server. What are the Types of Servers? 9. Domain Name System (DNS) Server: These servers convert readable computer domain names into IP addresses written in computer code. The DNS server utilizes user-supplied search information to locate the requested address and send it to the client device.
10. Collaboration Server: A collaboration server facilitates
connections when work has to be shared among several users. You may exchange and store files, programs, and other substantial amounts of data with these servers. What are the Types of Servers? 11. Gaming Server: To link users from all around the world, large gaming networks require servers. Multiplayer internet games are hosted by these servers. 12. Management and Monitoring Server: Servers for administration and monitoring perform a variety of tasks. They first take user requests, record them, and track digital transactions. Others only keep an eye on user activity and take no dynamic role in it. Network managers who examine network health to look for dangers or flaws in the system might use monitoring servers to respond to their requests. What are the Types of Servers? 13. Print Server: To print across a network, a print server establishes remote connections with nearby computers. Businesses now have the option of using a single printer to support a whole department thanks to these servers. When put in an office space, some printers even have their own built-in server that is prepared to connect to a network. Clipboard The clipboard is a special location in a computer's memory that temporarily stores copied data. It can hold any data type, including text, images, video, and audio. It can even store entire files and folders. Data can be added to the clipboard using the Copy or Cut commands and placed in a new location using the Paste command. Clipboard The clipboard can (in most cases) store one piece of data at a time. It does not clear its contents when you paste them, so you can paste the same piece of data multiple times in different locations without copying it again. For example, you can copy an email address from a contact card and paste it into a web form or a text document without copying it multiple times. What is a Clock Rate? The clock rate, or clock speed, of a computer is the rate at which a central processing unit (CPU) is able to perform basic functions. It is normally measured in megahertz, or millions of cycles per second, or even gigahertz, which are billions of cycles per second. The clock rate is useful for comparing the speed of chips made by the same company, but is not a reliable way to compare different types of computers because many other factors can determine the speed of a computer. Instead, computers should be compared based on how quickly they perform specific tasks such as loading graphics or performing calculations. ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF HIGH CLOCK RATE ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE IMPROVED INCREASED POWER PERFORMANCE CONSUMPTIONS BETTER MULTITASKING INCREASED COST GREATER EFFICIENCY LIMITED BY OTHER FACTORS
