KS4 Mathematics
D3 Presenting data
of 44 © Boardworks Ltd 2005
Contents
D3 Presenting data
D3.1 Bar graphs
D3.2 Line graphs
D3.3 Pie charts
D3.4 Stem-and-leaf diagrams
D3.5 Scatter graphs
of 44 © Boardworks Ltd 2005
Bar graphs
Bars should be separate.
20 The bars must be the same
width.
14 The gaps must be the
12 same width.
5 The scales must go up by
1 3 4 6 7 9 equal intervals.
The numbers on the
What is wrong with horizontal axis must
this bar graph? appear in the middle of the
bar.
Make a list of mistakes.
The axes must be labelled.
There should be a title.
of 44 © Boardworks Ltd 2005
Education around the world
Number of pupils per primary school teacher
Uganda
Tanzania
Zambia
United Kingdom
USA
Saudi Arabia
Sweden
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
of 44 © Boardworks Ltd 2005
Stacked bar graphs and drinking habits
This graph show the responses of Year 7 to 11s in England to
being offered drugs.
100
Percentage
80
Yes
60 Refused
Never offered
40
20
0
1999 2003
What conclusions can you draw?
of 44 © Boardworks Ltd 2005
Comparative bar graphs and world literacy
Percentage of male literacy Percentage of female literacy
100
80
60
40
20
0
East Asia & Europe & Latin America & Middle East & South Asia Sub-Saharan
Pacific Central Asia Caribbean North Africa Africa
of 44 © Boardworks Ltd 2005
Contents
D3 Presenting data
D3.1 Bar graphs
D3.2 Line graphs
D3.3 Pie charts
D3.4 Stem-and-leaf diagrams
D3.5 Scatter graphs
of 44 © Boardworks Ltd 2005
Smoking among young people
Here are the percentages of Year 7 to Year 10 that smoke
regularly in Great Britain.
Year 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
Boys 11 13 7 7 9 9 10 11 9 8 9
Girls 11 13 12 9 11 10 13 15 12 10 12
Total 11 13 10 8 10 10 12 13 11 9 10
What would be the most appropriate graph
to illustrate this data?
of 44 © Boardworks Ltd 2005
Regular smoking in Years 7 to 10
16
14
Percentage of regular smokers
12
10
8 Boys
Girls
6
0
1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
Year
of 44 © Boardworks Ltd 2005
Regular smoking in Years 7 to 10
14
12
Percentage of regular smokers
10
0
1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
Year
0 of 44 © Boardworks Ltd 2005
Smoking among young people
Here are the percentages of Year 11s that smoke
regularly in Great Britain.
Year 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
Boys 24 28 18 17 25 21 26 28 19 21 21
Girls 25 28 27 22 25 25 30 33 29 25 26
Total 25 28 22 20 25 23 28 30 24 23 23
How does this data compare to that of Years 7 to 10?
Again we can show the data using a line graph.
1 of 44 © Boardworks Ltd 2005
Regular smoking in Year 11
35
Percentage of regular smokers
30
25
20 Boys
Girls
15
10
0
1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
Year
2 of 44 © Boardworks Ltd 2005
Regular smoking in Year 11
35
30
Percentage of regular smokers
25
20
15
10
0
1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
Year
3 of 44 © Boardworks Ltd 2005
Comparing Years 7 to 10 to Year 11
35
30
Percentage of regular smokers
25
20
15
10
5 Years 7 to 10
Year 11
0
1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
Year
4 of 44 © Boardworks Ltd 2005
Contents
D3 Presenting data
D3.1 Bar graphs
D3.2 Line graphs
D3.3 Pie charts
D3.4 Stem-and-leaf diagrams
D3.5 Scatter graphs
5 of 44 © Boardworks Ltd 2005
Percentages
Over 10 000 Year 7 to Year 11 pupils took part in a survey in
2003 carried out by the Department of Health. There are about
3 000 000 people in England in this age range. Fill in the table.
When did you Percentage Numbers Percentage Numbers for
last have a for 1988 for 1988 for 2003 2003
drink?
Last week 20% 600 000 25% 750 000
1 – 4 weeks ago 18% 540 000 15% 450 000
1 – 6 months
ago
12% 360 000 12% 360000
More than 6
months ago
11% 330 000 10% 300 000
Never 38% 1 140 000 39% 1 170 000
6 of 44 © Boardworks Ltd 2005
Drinking habits among young people in 2003
Compare the results for 2003 with 1988.
20% 25%
39% 38%
18%
15%
11% 12% 10%
Last week 12%
1-4 weeks
1-6 months
More than 6 months
Never
7 of 44 © Boardworks Ltd 2005
Pie charts
To convert raw data into angles for n data items:
360 ÷ n represents the number of degrees per data item.
For example, 40 people take part in a survey. What angle
represents
one person? 360° ÷ 40 = 9°
two people? 9° × 2 = 18°
eight people? 9° × 8 = 72°
How many people are represented by an angle of 36°?
There are 9° per person. 36° ÷ 9° = 4 people.
8 of 44 © Boardworks Ltd 2005
Converting data into angles
9 of 44 © Boardworks Ltd 2005
Displaying data as a pie chart
When drawing a pie chart, it is helpful to note the following
points.
There should be no gaps in your pie chart.
The angles should add up to 360o.
Angles should be rounded off to the nearest degree if
necessary.
If you have had to round off, the angles may add up to
slightly more or less than 360o.
Each section should be labeled or a key should be used.
You may want to include actual numbers or percentages.
Angles are not normally included.
0 of 44 © Boardworks Ltd 2005
Solving problems with pie charts
This data represents the smoking habits among Year 7s in
England. Calculate the angles.
Smoking habits Percentage Angle
Regular 1 4°
Occasional 2 7°
Used to 2 7°
Tried 11 40°
Never 85 306°
Total 101 364°
Can you explain the totals?
1 of 44 © Boardworks Ltd 2005
Pie chart of Year 7 smoking habits
1% 2% 2%
11%
Regular
Occasional
Used to
Tried
Never
84%
2 of 44 © Boardworks Ltd 2005
Pie chart of Year 11 smoking habits
36% of Year 11s have never
smoked. What angle represents
this category?
72o represents the Year 11s who
have tried smoking. What
percentage is this?
There are approximately 600 000
Year 11s in England. 22% smoke
regularly. How many people is
Regular this?
Occasional
Used to
One third of this group have a
Tried cigarette within 30 minutes of
Never waking. How many is this?
3 of 44 © Boardworks Ltd 2005
Contents
D3 Presenting data
D3.1 Bar graphs
D3.2 Line graphs
D3.3 Pie charts
D3.4 Stem-and-leaf diagrams
D3.5 Scatter graphs
4 of 44 © Boardworks Ltd 2005
Interpreting stem-and-leaf diagrams
A stem-and-leaf diagram can be used to display
data items in order without grouping them.
For example, this table shows how much pocket money some
regular smokers in Year 11 spend on cigarettes in a fortnight.
Stem (pounds) Leaf (pence)
4 00 40 50 70 70 80
5 00 30 40 50 50
6 20 50 50 60 70
7 00 30 50 50 50 90
8 00 40 50 70
9 50 50 60
10 00 00 20 40 50 60
5 of 44 © Boardworks Ltd 2005
Constructing stem-and-leaf diagrams
The data below represents the numbers of cigarettes smoked
in a week by regular smokers in Year 11.
7 38 41 22 20 7 5 24 17
15 13 23 45 7 11 17 30 19
5 10 30 20
Put this data into a stem-and-leaf diagram.
The stem should represent ____
tens and the leaf should
units
represent _____.
Work out the mode, mean, median and range.
6 of 44 © Boardworks Ltd 2005
Calculations with stem-and-leaf diagrams
Mode
Stem Leaf (units) The mode is __
7 .
(tens)
Mean
0 5 5 7 7 7 There are ___
22 people in the
survey and they smoke a total
1 0 1 3 5 7 7 9 427 cigarettes a week.
of ____
427 ÷ 22 =___
19
2 0 0 2 3 4
Median
3 0 0 8 The median is halfway between
17 and ___.
___ 19 This is ___.
18
4 1 5
Range
___
45 – ___
5 = ___
40
7 of 44 © Boardworks Ltd 2005
Solving problems with stem-and-leaf diagrams
What fraction of the group
Stem Leaf (units) smoke more than 20 cigarettes a
(tens) week? What is this as a
percentage?
0 5 5 7 7 7 The mean number smoked is 19.
How many smoke less than the
1 0 1 3 5 7 7 9 mean? What is this as a
percentage?
2 0 0 2 3 4
What percentage smoke less
than 10 cigarettes?
3 0 0 8
A packet of 20 cigarettes costs
4 1 5 about £4. Work out the average
amount spent on cigarettes
using the median.
8 of 44 © Boardworks Ltd 2005
Investigation using stem-and-leaf diagrams
Use job advertisements in newspapers and the internet to
investigate how much graduates leaving university get paid
compared with school leavers of 16 or 18.
Record your results in stem-and-leaf diagrams.
Calculate the mean and median incomes for each group.
What conclusions can you draw about the financial
advantages of getting a degree?
An extension task could involve comparing the incomes of new
graduates with graduates after ten years. Which careers offer
greater opportunities for promotion or financial rewards?
9 of 44 © Boardworks Ltd 2005
Contents
D3 Presenting data
D3.1 Bar graphs
D3.2 Line graphs
D3.3 Pie charts
D3.4 Stem-and-leaf diagrams
D3.5 Scatter graphs
0 of 44 © Boardworks Ltd 2005
Scatter graphs
What does this scatter graph show about the relationship
between the height and weight of twenty Year 10 boys?
60
Weight (kg)
55
50
45
40
140 150 160 170 180 190
Height (cm)
As height increases, weight increases.
This is called a positive correlation.
1 of 44 © Boardworks Ltd 2005
Scatter graphs
What does this scatter graph show?
85
Life expectancy
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Number of cigarettes smoked in a week
It shows that life expectancy decreases as the number of
cigarettes smoked increases.
This is called a negative correlation.
2 of 44 © Boardworks Ltd 2005
Interpreting scatter graphs
Scatter graphs can show a relationship between two variables.
This relationship is called correlation.
Correlation is a general trend. Some data items will not fit this
trend, as there are often exceptions to a rule. They are called
outliers.
Scatter graphs can show:
positive correlation: as one variable increases, so does
the other variable
negative correlation: as one variable increases, the other
variable decreases
zero correlation: no linear relationship between the variables.
Correlation can be weak or strong.
3 of 44 © Boardworks Ltd 2005
Identifying correlation from scatter graphs
25
Decide whether each of the 20
A 12
10
B
15
following graphs shows,
8
10 6
strong positive correlation
2
0
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
25
strong negative correlation 25
20 C
20
D
15
zero correlation
15
10
10
5
5
weak positive correlation 0
0 5 10 15 20 25
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
weak negative correlation.
20 25
E F
25
20
20
15
15
10 10
5 5
0
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
0 5 10 15 20 25
4 of 44 © Boardworks Ltd 2005
Relationships between two variables
5 of 44 © Boardworks Ltd 2005
The line of best fit
The line of best fit is drawn by eye so that there are roughly
an equal number of points below and above the line.
Look at these examples,
25
25
25
25
20 20
20
20
15 15
15
15
10 10
10
10
5 5
5 5
0 0
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25
0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25
Strong positive Weak positive Strong negative Weak negative
correlation correlation correlation correlation
Notice that the stronger the correlation, the closer the points
are to the line.
If the gradient is positive, the correlation is positive and if the
gradient is negative, then the correlation is also negative.
6 of 44 © Boardworks Ltd 2005
Line of best fit
When drawing the line of best fit remember the following points,
The line does not have to pass through the origin.
For an accurate line of best fit, find the mean for each
variable. This forms a coordinate, which can be plotted. The
line of best fit should pass through this point.
The line of best fit can be used to predict one variable from
another.
It should not be used for predictions outside the range of
data used.
The equation of the line of best fit can be found using the
gradient and intercept.
7 of 44 © Boardworks Ltd 2005
The line of best fit
This graph shows the relationship between life expectancy and
the number of cigarettes smoked in a week.
85
80
Life expectancy
75
70
65
60
55
50
0 20 40 60 80 100
Number of cigarettes smoked in a week
8 of 44 © Boardworks Ltd 2005
Solving problems with lines of best fit
Work out an estimate for
the equation of the line
of best fit using the
gradient and intercept.
Use the equation to
estimate the life
expectancy for someone
who smokes 10
cigarettes a day.
Why would an estimate of the number of cigarettes smoked
for a life expectancy of 40 years not be reliable?
Can you explain why there are so many outliers for this data?
9 of 44 © Boardworks Ltd 2005
Cause and effect
A study finds a positive correlation between the number of cars
in a town and the number of babies born.
The local newspaper reports,
“Buying a new car can help you get pregnant!”
Does the study support this conclusion?
Correlation does not necessarily imply that there is a causal
relationship between the two variables. There may be some
other cause.
What might this be in the example above?
0 of 44 © Boardworks Ltd 2005
Cause and effect
A study finds a negative correlation between the number of
sledges sold and the temperature.
The local newspaper reports,
“If you want it to snow, go out and buy a sledge!”
Does the study support
this conclusion?
Explain.
1 of 44 © Boardworks Ltd 2005
Cause and effect
Discuss these headlines.
“Taller students do better in new Maths test!”
“The more coffee you drink, the more stressed you are.”
“Chocolate causes lower grades at university.”
“Counselling can make you
depressed.”
“New exercise regime causes
dramatic rise in injuries at local
hospital.”
2 of 44 © Boardworks Ltd 2005
Review
List the types of graph you have covered in this topic.
What kind of data would you use for each kind of graph?
What possible mistakes could you make with a bar graph?
If you are investigating a relationship between two variables,
what kind of graph would you use?
How do you calculate the angles in a pie chart if you know
how many data items there are altogether?
3 of 44 © Boardworks Ltd 2005
Review
What other problems can you solve with a pie chart? Give
examples and outline the method for each.
How would you calculate the three averages from a stem
and leaf diagram?
What are the different types of correlation? Give examples.
What is a line of best fit and how would you draw one?
4 of 44 © Boardworks Ltd 2005
