Algorithms & Flowcharts

Se 113 – Introduction To Programming

Sections 3 & 4

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Tarık Kışla

Contents

 Algorıthm
 Advantages of algorithm
 How to write algorithms
 Flowchart
 Advantages of flowchart
 Assignment Symbol
 Mathematical Operators
 Relational Operators
 Logical Operators
 Selection control Statements
 Loop control Statements
 GO TO statement
ALGORITHM

 The word “algorithm” relates to the name of the mathematician Al-khowarizmi, which means a
procedure or a technique.
 Software Engineer commonly uses an algorithm for planning and solving the problems.
 An algorithm is a sequence of steps to solve a particular problem or algorithm is an ordered set of
unambiguous steps that produces a result and terminates in a finite time
ALGORITHM

 Algorithm has the following characteristics

 Input: An algorithm may or may not require input
 Output: Each algorithm is expected to produce at least one result
 Definiteness: Each instruction must be clear and unambiguous.
 Finiteness: If the instructions of an algorithm are executed, the algorithm should terminate after finite number of steps
ALGORITHM

 The algorithm and flowchart include following three types of control structures.
 Sequence: In the sequence structure, statements are placed one after the other and the execution takes place starting
from up to down.
 Branching (Selection): In branch control, there is a condition and according to a condition, a decision of either
TRUE or FALSE is achieved.
 In the case of TRUE, one of the two branches is explored;
 but in the case of FALSE condition, the other alternative is taken.
 Generally, the ‘IF-THEN’ is used to represent branch control.
 Loop (Repetition): The Loop or Repetition allows a statement(s) to be executed repeatedly based on certain loop
condition e.g.
 WHILE, FOR loops.
Advantages of Algorithm

 It is a step-wise representation of a solution to a given problem, which makes it easy to understand.

 An algorithm uses a definite procedure.
 It is not dependent on any programming language, so it is easy to understand for anyone even without
programming knowledge.
 Every step in an algorithm has its own logical sequence so it is easy to debug.
HOW TO WRITE ALGORITHMS

Step 1 • Many algorithms take in data to be processed, e.g. to calculate the area of rectangle input may be the rectangle height and
Define your algorithms input rectangle width.

• Algorithm's variables allow you to use it for more than one place.
Step 2 • We can define two variables for rectangle height and rectangle width as HEIGHT and WIDTH (or H & W) (with
Define the variables meaningful variable name).

• Use input variable for computation purpose, e.g. to find area of rectangle multiply the HEIGHT and WIDTH variable and
Step 3
store the value in new variable (say) AREA.
Outline the algorithm's • An algorithm's operations can take the form of multiple steps and even branch, depending on the value of the input
operations variables.

Step 4 • In case of area of rectangle output will be the value stored in variable AREA.
Output the results of your • if the input variables described a rectangle with a HEIGHT of 2 and a WIDTH of 3, the algorithm would output the value
of 6.
algorithm's operations
FLOWCHARTS

 The first design of flowchart goes back to 1945 which was designed by John Von Neumann.
 Unlike an algorithm, Flowchart uses different symbols to design a solution to a problem.
 It is another commonly used programming tool.
 By looking at a Flowchartone can understand the operations and sequence of operations performed in a
system.
 Flowchart is often considered as a blueprint of a design used for solving a specific problem.
Advantages of flowchart

 Flowchart is an excellent way of communicating the logic of a program.

 Easy and efficient to analyze problem using flowchart.
 During program development cycle, the flowchart plays the role of a blueprint, which makes program
development process easier.
 After successful development of a program, it needs continuous timely maintenance during the course of its
operation. The flowchart makes program or system maintenance easier.
 It is easy to convert the flowchart into any programming language code.
Flowcharts

 Flowchart is diagrammatic /Graphical representation of sequence of steps to solve a problem. To draw a

flowchart following standard symbols are use

Oval Used to represent start and end of flowchart

Parallelogram Used for input and output operation

Rectangle Processing: Used for arithmetic operations and data-manipulations

Diomand Decision making. Used to represent the operation in which there are
two/three alternatives, true and false etc

Circle Page Connector

Flowcharts

 Flowchart is diagrammatic /Graphical representation of sequence of steps to solve a problem. To draw a

flowchart following standard symbols are use

Arrows Flow line Used to indicate the flow of logic by connecting symbols

Off Page Connector

Predefined Process /Function Used to represent a group of statements performing one

processing task.

Preprocessor
Algorithms

 The language used to write algorithm is simple and similar to day-to-day life language.
 The variable names are used to store the values.
 The value store in variable can change in the solution steps.
 In addition some special symbols are used as below
 Assignment Symbol ( ← or =) is used to assign value to the variable.
 e.g. to assign value 5 to the variable HEIGHT, statement is
 HEIGHT ← 5
 HEIGHT = 5
Algorithms

 The symbol ‘=’ is used in most of the programming language as an assignment symbol, the same has been
used in all the algorithms and flowcharts in the manual.
 The statement C = A + B means that add the value stored in variable A and variable B then assign/store
the value in variable C.
 The statement R = R + 1 means that add I to the value stored in variable R and then assign/store the new
value in variable R, in other words increase the value of variable R by 1
Algorithms

 Mathematical Operators:
Algorithms

 Relational Operators
Algorithms

 Logical Operators
Algorithms

 Selection control Statements

Algorithms

 Loop control Statements

Algorithms

 GO TO statement also called unconditional transfer of control statement is used to transfer control of
execution to another step/statement. .
 e.g. the statement GOTO n will transfer control to step/statement n.

 We can use keyword INPUT or READ or GET to accept input(s) /value(s) and keywords PRINT or
WRITE or DISPLAY to output the result(s).
Algorithm & Flowchart

 to find the sum of two numbers

Algorithm & Flowchart

 to convert temperature from Celsius to Fahrenheit

Algorithm & Flowchart

 to convert temperature from Celsius to Fahrenheit

Algorithm & Flowchart

 to convert temperature from Fahrenheit to Celsius

Algorithm & Flowchart

 to convert temperature from Fahrenheit to Celsius

Algorithm & Flowchart

 to find Area and Perimeter of Square

Algorithm & Flowchart

 to find Area and Perimeter of Square

Algorithm & Flowchart

 to find Area and Perimeter of Rectangle

Algorithm & Flowchart

 to find Area and Perimeter of Circle

Algorithm & Flowchart

 to find Simple Interest

Algorithm & Flowchart

 to find Simple Interest

Algorithm & Flowchart

 to find Compound Interest

Algorithm & Flowchart

 to find Compound Interest

Algorithm & Flowchart

 to Swap Two Numbers using Temporary Variable

Algorithm & Flowchart

 to Swap Two Numbers using Temporary Variable

Algorithm & Flowchart

 o Swap Two Numbers without using temporary variable

Algorithm & Flowchart

 to find the smallest of two numbers

Algorithm & Flowchart

 to find the largest of two numbers

Algorithm & Flowchart

 to find the largest of three numbers

Algorithm & Flowchart

 to find the largest of three numbers

Algorithm & Flowchart

 to find Even number between 1 to 50

Algorithm & Flowchart

 to find Even number between 1 to 50

Algorithm & Flowchart

 to find Odd numbers between 1 to n (where n is a positive Integer and is entered by user)
Algorithm & Flowchart

 to find sum of series 1+2+3+…..+N

Algorithm & Flowchart

 to find sum of series 1+3+5+…..+N, Where N is positive odd numbers

Algorithm & Flowchart

 to print multiplication Table of a number

For practices at home

 to find sum of series 1 – X + X2 –X3 ….XN

 to generate first n Fibonacci terms 0,1,1,2,3,5…n (n>2)
 to find sum and average of given series of numbers
 to find Roots of Quadratic Equations AX2+BX+C=0
 to find if a number is prime or not
 to find Factorial of number n ( n!=1x2x3x…n)
 to find all the divisor of a number
Thank you for listening…