File Handling

File Handling:
The key function for working with files in Python is the open() function.
The open() function takes two parameters; filename, and mode.

There are four different methods (modes) for opening a file:

"r" - Read - Default value. Opens a file for reading, error if the file does not exist
"a" - Append - Opens a file for appending, creates the file if it does not exist
"w" - Write - Opens a file for writing, creates the file if it does not exist
"x" - Create - Creates the specified file, returns an error if the file exists

In addition you can specify if the file should be handled as binary or text mode
"t" - Text - Default value. Text mode
"b"- Binary - Binary mode (e.g. images)
Syntax:
To open a file for reading it is enough to specify the name of the file:
f = open("demofile.txt") The code above is the same as: f = open("demofile.txt",
"rt")
Because "r" for read, and "t" for text are the default values, you do not need to
specify them.

Note: Make sure the file exists, or else you will get an error.

Open a File on the Server

Assume we have the following file, located in the same folder as Python:
demofile.txt

Hello! Welcome to demofile.txt This file is for testing purposes. Good Luck!
To open the file, use the built-in open() function.
The open() function returns a file object, which has a read() method for reading
the content of the file:
Example:
f = open("demofile.txt", "r")
print(f.read())
Output:
NIT

Read Only Parts of the File

By default the read() method returns the whole text, but you can also specify
how many characters you want to return:

Example:
f = open("demofile.txt", "r")
print(f.read(5))

Output:
NIT
Read Lines
You can return one line by using the readline() method:
Example:
Read one line of the file:
f = open("demofile.txt", "r")
print(f.readline())
Output:
NIT

By calling readline() two times, you can read the two first lines:
Example:
Read two lines of the file:
f = open("demofile.txt", "r")
print(f.readline())
print(f.readline())
Output:
NIT
By looping through the lines of the file, you can read the whole file, line by
line:
Example:
Loop through the file line by line:

f = open("demofile.txt", "r")
for x in f:
print(x)

Output:
NIT

Close Files:
It is a good practice to always close the file when you are done with it
Example:
Close the file when you are finish with it:
f = open("demofile.txt", "r")
print(f.readline())
f.close()

Output:
NIT

Note: You should always close your files, in some cases, due to buffering,
changes made to a file may not show until you close the file

To write to an existing file, you must add a parameter to the open()

function:
"a" - Append - will append to the end of the file
"w" - Write - will overwrite any existing content
Example:
Open the file "demofile2.txt" and append content to the file:

f = open("demofile2.txt", "a")
f.write("Now the file has more content!")
f.close()
#open and read the file after the appending:
f = open("demofile2.txt", "r")
print(f.read())

Output:
Now the file has more content!
Example:
Open the file "demofile3.txt" and overwrite the content:

f = open("demofile3.txt", "w")
f.write("Woops! I have deleted the content!")
f.close()
#open and read the file after the appending:
f = open("demofile3.txt", "r")
print(f.read())

Output:
Woops! I have deleted the content!

Note: the "w" method will overwrite the entire file

Create a New File:
To create a new file in Python, use the open() method, with one of the following
parameters:
"x" - Create - will create a file, returns an error if the file exist
"a" - Append - will create a file if the specified file does not exist
"w" - Write - will create a file if the specified file does not exist

Example:
Create a file called "myfile.txt":
f = open("myfile.txt", "x")

Output:
To create myfile
Exercise:
1. Write a Python program to read an entire text file
2. Write a Python program to append text to a file and display
the text.
3. Write a Python program to read last n lines of a file
Assignment:
Write a program to count frequency of characters in a given file. Can you
use character frequency to tell whether the given file is a Python program
file, C program file or a text file? Write a program to count frequency of
characters in a given file. Can you use character frequency to tell whether
the given file is a Python program file, C program file or a text file?

str=input("enter string : ")

f = {}
for i in str:
if i in f:
f[i] += 1
else:
f[i] = 1
print(f)

Output:
enter string : Subrata
{'S': 1, 'u': 1, 'b': 1, 'r': 1, 'a': 2, 't': 1}
Write a program to count frequency of characters in a given file. Can you
use character frequency to tell whether the given file is a Python program
file, C program file or a text file?

import collections
import pprint
file_input = input('File Name: ')
with open(file_input, 'r') as info:
count = collections.Counter(info.read().upper())
value = pprint.pformat(count)
print(value)

Output:
File Name: demofile.txt
Counter({'N': 1, 'I': 1, 'T': 1})
Write a program to print each line of a file in reverse order.
Description:
reversed() function produces a reverse iterator

Example:
textfile=open("a_file.txt")
lines=textfile.readlines()
for line in reversed(lines):
print(line)

Output:
Narula Institute of Technology
Write a program to compute the number of characters, words and lines in a
file.
Example:
file=open("sample.txt","r")
number_of_lines=0
number_of_words=0
number_of_characters=0
for line in file:
line=line.strip("\n")#won'tcount \n as character
words=line.split()
number_of_lines+=1
number_of_words+=len(words)
number_of_characters+=len(line)
file.close()
print("lines:", number_of_lines, "words:", number_of_words, "characters:",
number_of_characters)

Output:
lines: 1 words: 6 characters: 45
Write a program to count frequency of characters in a given file.
Example:
fname = input("Enter file name: ")
l=input("Enter letter to be searched:")
k=0
with open(fname, 'r') as f:
for line in f:
words = line.split()
for i in words:
for letter in i:
if(letter==l):
k=k+1
print("Occurrences of the letter:") Output:
print(k) Enter file name: sample.txt
Enter letter to be searched:n
Occurrences of the letter:
3
END