MATH 1013
MATH 1013
Mathematics
Mathematics in
in the Modern
ModernWorld
World
Week 6
Week
CARTESIAN PRODUCT,
RELATIONS, AND
FUNCTIONS
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1. construct the Cartesian product of two sets or more;
2. define and provide an example of a relation;
3. define and provide examples of a function; and
4. compare and contrast a relation and a function.
I. CARTESIAN PRODUCT,
Given two arbitrary sets A and B, the Cartesian product
A × B is the set of all ordered pairs (x,y) such that x A and y
B.
A × B = {(x, y) │ x A and y B}
EXAMPLE 1
Consider the sets A= {2,4,6} and B= {2, 5}. Write the
cross – product(cartesian product) A × B.
A × B = { (2, 2), (2, 5), (4, 2), (4, 5), (6, 2), (6, 5)}
EXAMPLE 2
Let A = {H, T} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. Write the cartesian
product A × B and cartesian product B × A.
A × B = {(H, 1), (H, 2), (H, 3), (H, 4), (H, 5), (H, 6), (T, 1),
(T, 2), (T, 3), (T, 4), (T, 5), (T, 6)}
B × A = {(1, H), (2, H), (3, H), (4, H), (5, H), (6, H), (1, T),
(2, T), (3, T), (4, T), (5, T), (6, T)}
A×B≠B×A
The Cartesian product is NOT commutative.
EXAMPLE 3
Consider the sets C= {a,b,c,d} and E= {1, 2}. Write the cross –
product C × E.
C× E = { (a, 1), (b, 1), (c, 1), (d, 1), (a, 2), (b, 2), (c, 2), (d, 2)}
Cartesian Product of more than Two Sets
We can construct the Cartesian product of more than two sets in
a similar manner. Let A1, A2, ..., An be a collection of sets. Then
the Cartesian product of these sets with this prescribed order is
the set of ordered n-tuples:
A1 × A2 × ... × An = {(x1, x2, ..., xn) : xi ∈ Ai for each i = 1,2, ..., n}
EXAMPLE 4
Consider the sets A= {2,3,5}, B= {5} and C= {a, b}. Write the
cross – product A × B × C.
A × B × C = { (2,5,a), (2,5,b), (3,5,a), (3,5,b), (5,5,a), (5,5,b)}
II. RELATION
Given two arbitrary sets A and B, a relation from A
to B is a subset of A × B.
A relation on A is a subset of A × A.
EXAMPLE 5
Consider the sets A= {2,4,6} and B= {2, 5}.
A B = { (2, 2), (2, 5), (4, 2), (4, 5), (6, 2), (6, 5)}
Find the elements of the following relations.
a. Ra= {(x,y) / y > x}
b. Rb= {(x,y) / x > y}
c. Rc= {(x,y) / y = x}
EXAMPLE 5
Consider the sets A= {2,4,6} and B= {2, 5}.
A B = { (2, 2), (2, 5), (4, 2), (4, 5), (6, 2), (6, 5)}
a. Ra= {(x,y) | y > x} = {(2,5), (4,5)}
b. Rb {(x,y) | x > y} = {(4,2), (6,2), (6,5)}
c. Rc= {(x,y) | y = x} = {(2,2)}
III. FUNCTION
CARTESIAN PRODUCT
RELATION
FUNCTION
III. FUNCTION
A function f from X to Y is a relation from X to Y such that
for each ordered pair (x,y), each first coordinate x is paired
to exactly one second coordinate y.
A FUNCTION is a relation in which no two ordered
pairs have the same x – coordinates.
III. FUNCTION
Note: A function is a subset of a
relation. All functions are
relations, but not all relations are
functions.
EXAMPLE 6
Determine if each is a function or a relation.
a. A = {(1,2), (2,3), (3,4), (4,5)}
b. y = 3x + 5
c. x2 + y2 = 25
d. y > x – 1
EXAMPLE 6
a. A = {(1,2), (2,3), (3,4), (4,5)}
From the given set of ordered pairs, each x – coordinate
is paired exactly to one y – coordinate.
Hence, A = {(1,2), (2,3), (3,4), (4,5)} is a FUNCTION.
EXAMPLE 6
b. y = 3x + 5
The given equation is a linear equation whose graph is a
line.
Hence, the linear equation y = 3x + 5 is a FUNCTION.
EXAMPLE 6
The following linear equations are considered functions
1. y = mx + b m is the slope, b is the y - intercept
2. ax + by + c = 0 a, b, c set of real numbers
3. a is the x – intercept, b is the y - intercept
4. y = k k is a constant
Note : x = k where k is a constant is NOT a function
EXAMPLE 6
1. y = 5x + 3 FUNCTION
2. 3x – 5y + 11 = 0 FUNCTION
3. FUNCTION
4. y = 5
FUNCTION
5. x = 5 NOT A
FUNCTION
EXAMPLE 6
c. x2 + y2 = 25
Since this is an equation of a circle, then the given equation is a
RELATION.
EXAMPLE 6
d. y > x – 1
There is more than one possible value of y for each value of x.
Therefore, the inequality y > x – 1 is a RELATION.
An inequality is a RELATION which makes a non-equal
comparison between two numbers or other mathematical
expressions.
EXAMPLE 7
d. y = sinx
Since sin x is a trigonometric function,
Hence, y = sinx is a FUNCTION.
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
y = cosx y = csc x y = cot x
y = tanx y = sec x
VERTICAL LINE TEST
The vertical line test is a method that is used to determine
whether a given relation is a function or not.
If a vertical line intersects the graph in all places at exactly one
point, then the relation is a function.
EXAMPLE 1
one point of intersection
Hence, it is a FUNCTION.
EXAMPLE 2
one point of intersection
Hence, it is a FUNCTION.
EXAMPLE 3
one point of intersection
Hence, it is a FUNCTION.
EXAMPLE 4
Two points of
intersection
Hence, it is a RELATION.
EXAMPLE 5
Two points of
intersection
Hence, it is a RELATION.
EXAMPLE 6
one point of intersection
Hence, it is a FUNCTION.
EXAMPLE 7
Too many points
of intersection
Hence, it is a RELATION.
REFERENCES
•Self Check
•ⓐ After completing the exercises, use this
checklist to evaluate your mastery of the
objectives of this section.
REFERENCES
•Self Check
•ⓐ After completing the exercises, use this
checklist to evaluate your mastery of the
objectives of this section.
