Noida Institute of Engineering and

Technology, Greater Noida

Introduction to computer Network
Computer Networks

Unit: 1

Computer Networks
(ACSE502) Nisha
ECE
B Tech 5th Sem Department

NISHA ACSE502 CN 1
1
09/21/2023
 Syllabus

NISHA ACSE502 CN 1
09/21/2023 2
 Course Objective

The objective of this course is to understand introduction of

computer networks with suitable transmission media and different
networking devices. Network protocols which are essential for the
computer network are need to explain such as data link layer protocols
and routing protocols.
A detail explanation of IP addressing , TCP/IP protocols and
application layer protocols are covered in this course.

NISHA ACSE502 CN 1
09/21/2023 3
 Course Outcome

At the end of the course the student should be able to:

CO1:Explain basic concepts, OSI reference model, services and role of each
layer of OSI model and TCP/IP, networks devices and transmission
media, Analog and digital data transmission.
CO2: Apply channel allocation, framing, error and flow control techniques.
CO3: Describe the functions of Network Layer i.e. Logical addressing,
subnetting & Routing Mechanism.
CO4: Explain the different Transport Layer function i.e. Port addressing,
Connection Management, Error control and Flow control mechanism.
CO5: Explain the functions offered by session and presentation layer and their
Implementation.
CO6: Explain the different protocols used at application layer i.e. HTTP,
SNMP, SMTP, FTP,TELNET and VPN.

NISHA ACSE502 CN 1
09/21/2023 4
 PO’s
1.Engineering knowledge
2. Problem analysis
3. Design/development of solutions
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems
5. Modern tool usage
6. The engineer and society
7. Environment and sustainability
8. Ethics
9. Individual and team work
10. Communication
11. Project management and finance
12. Life-long learning
NISHA ACSE502 CN 1
09/21/2023 5
 CO-PO Mapping
Computer Networks ( ) Year of Study: 2022-23

CO PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12

CO-1 3 2 2 2 2 2 3

CO-2 3 3 2 3

CO-3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 3

CO-4 3 2 2 2 3

CO-5 3 3 2 2 3 2 3

CO-6 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3

09/21/2023 6
NISHA ACSE502 CN 1
 PSO’s

On successful completion of graduation degree, The computer Science & Engineering

graduates will be able to:

PSO1: identify, analyze real world problems and design their ethical solutions using
artificial intelligence, robotics, virtual/augmented reality, data analytics, block chain
technology, and cloud computing.

PSO2: design and develop the hardware sensor devices and related interfacing software
systems for solving complex engineering problems.

PSO 3: understand inter-disciplinary computing techniques and to apply them in the

design of advanced computing.

PSO 4: conduct investigation of complex problem with the help of technical, managerial,
leadership qualities, and modern engineering tools provided by industry sponsored
laboratories.

NISHA ACSE502 CN 1
09/21/2023 7
 PSO’s
CO PSO1 PSO2 PSO3 PSO4

KCS603.1 2 2 2 2

KCS603.2 2 2 2 2

KCS603.3 2 2 2 3

KCS603.4 2 2 2 2

KCS603.5 2 2 2 2

KCS606 2 2 2 2

NISHA ACSE502 CN 1
09/21/2023 8
 Program Educational Objectives
PEO 1: To have an excellent scientific and engineering breadth so as to comprehend,
analyze, design and provide sustainable solutions for real-life problems using state-of-the-
art technologies.

PEO 2: To have a successful career in industries, to pursue higher studies or to support

entrepreneurial endeavors and to face the global challenges.

PEO 3:To have an effective communication skills, professional attitude, ethical values and
a desire to learn specific knowledge in emerging trends, technologies for research,
innovation and product development and contribution to society.

PEO 4: To have life-long learning for up-skilling and re-skilling for successful
professional career as engineer, scientist, entrepreneur and bureaucrat for betterment of
society.
NISHA ACSE502 CN 1
09/21/2023 9
 Result Analysis

COMPUTER NETWORK

Department wise Result of VI sem. 100

Subject wise result 100

Faculty wise result 100

NISHA ACSE502 CN 1
09/21/2023 10
 End semester Question paper templates

NISHA ACSE502 CN 1
09/21/2023 11
 Prerequisite and Recap

• Fundamental of computer
• Interconnection of computer
 Types of computer
 Generation of computer
Applications
• i) Data sharing
• ii) Resource sharing
• iii) Cost reduction
• iv) Increase reliability

NISHA ACSE502 CN 1
09/21/2023 12
 Content

Unit 1
Introduction:
• Goals and applications of networks,
• Categories of networks,
Organization of the Internet, ISP
• Network structure and architecture (layering principles, services,
protocols and standards),
• The OSI reference model
• TCP/IP protocol suite
• Network devices and components
Physical Layer:
• Network topology design, Types of connections
• Transmission media
• Signal transmission and encoding
• Network performance and transmission impairments
• Switching techniques and multiplexing

NISHA ACSE502 CN 1
09/21/2023 13
 Unit Objective

The objective of this course is to understand the types of

computer networks, applications, goals, different type of
transmission media, data encoding and different types of
architecture like OSI and TCP/IP model.

NISHA ACSE502 CN 1
09/21/2023 14
 Introduction to computer Network

Objective: Study about basic concept of computer networks and its types

Computer Network
A computer network is a group of computers linked to each other that
enables the computer to communicate with another computer and
share their resources, data, and applications.
OR
A computer network is group of nodes (like computer, router,
…),interconnected with media (wired or wireless ) for the purpose
of sharing their resources, data, and applications.

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 15

 Essential Elements of Communication

• A message
• A sender
• A receiver
• A medium

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 16

 Three Network Subtypes

• Local Area Network (LAN)

• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
• Wide Area Network (WAN)

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 17

 LAN/MAN/WAN Comparison
LAN MAN WAN
Limited—typically Limited—typically Unlimited
Distance up to 2,500 meters up to 00 kilometers
or 2 miles or 100 miles Slower—usually
1.5 Mbps
High—typically in High—typically 100
Speed excess of 10 Mbps Mbps Locally owned
—10,100 and 1,000 and common
are standard Locally owned and carrier— twisted-
Media common carrier— pair wires,
Locally owned— twisted-pair wires, CNxial cable,
twisted-pair wires, fiber optic cable
Nodes fiber optic cable,
fiber optic cable,
Can be any, but wireless to
wireless (not
most are desktop include satellite
satellite)
computers and Can be any, but
Can be any, but minicomputers most are desktop
most are desktop
computers
computers
09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 18
 The OSI Reference Model

Objective: Study about OSI model & TCP/IP model with its function of each
layer

• The problem of network interconnection is so important that the ISO

created the OSI Reference Model that describes the functions a
generic network needs to provide.

• The OSI Reference Model has become the basis for many data
communications standards.

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 19

 OSI Peer Layer Communication

Processor 1 Processor 2

Application Application

Presentation Presentation

Session Session

Transport Transport

Network Network

Data Link Data Link

Physical Physical

Logical Path Physical Path

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 20
 OSI Peer Layer Communication

09/21/2023 21
NISHA ACSE502 CN 1
 OSI Peer Layer Communication

09/21/2023 22
NISHA ACSE502 CN 1
 OSI Peer Layer Communication

• Application Layer
– The application on Node A builds a record with a transaction
identifier, the number of the account to be updated, the date and
time of the transaction, and the amount to be deducted.

• Presentation Layer
– The presentation layer is responsible for translating from one
format to another.

• Session Layer
– The session layer’s major functions are to set up and perhaps
monitor a set of dialogue rules by which the two applications can
communicate and to bring a session to an orderly conclusion.
09/21/2023 23
NISHA ACSE502 CN 1
 OSI Peer Layer Communication

Transport Layer
The transport layer is the first of the OSI layers responsible for
actually transmitting the data.
Network Layer
The network layer provides accounting and routing functions.
Data Link Layer
The data link layer is responsible for data delineation, error
detection, and logical control of the link.
Physical Layer
The physical layer does not append anything to the message. It
simply accepts the message from the data link layer and
translates the bits into signals on the medium.

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 24

 TCP/IP Model OR INTERNET MODEL

Processor 1 Processor 2

Application Application

Presentation Presentation

Session Session

Transport Transport

Network Network

Data Link Data Link

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 25

 TCP/IP Model VS. OSI MODEL

TCP/IP vs. OSI Model

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 26
 TCP/IP Model VS. OSI MODEL

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 27

 TCP/IP Model VS. OSI MODEL

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 28

 TCP/IP Model VS. OSI MODEL

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 29

 Type of Network
LAN
• A LAN services a limited geographic area at high speeds—
usually 10 million bits per second or higher. All components of
the LAN are commonly owned by the organization that uses it.

• The nodes in many of today’s LANs are desktop systems like

personal computers. Henceforth, we will also use the terms
workstations, clients, and servers in referring to LAN nodes.

• A workstation is used here to represent a LAN user’s computer;

other terms used in referring to a workstation are client and
node.

• A server is a network node that is dedicated to providing

services to client nodes.
09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 30
 Type of Network
MAN
• A MAN (metropolitan area network) is a high-speed network
covering wider distances than LAN.

• A MAN spans distances of approximately 100 miles; therefore, it is

suitable for connecting devices and LANs in a metropolitan area.

• MAN speeds are typically 100 Mbps or higher.

• The most commonly implemented MAN is the fiber distributed data
interface (FDDI). It operates at 100 Mbps over fiber optic cable for
distances up to 200 kilometers.

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 31

 Type of Network
WAN
• A WAN is the oldest type of network.

• WANs generally span a wide geographic area like a state,

province, country, or multiple countries. However, some
WANs are confined to a limited geographic area, like a LAN.

• A WAN in a limited geographic area could be easily extended

over a wide area using the same technologies. The same is not
true of a LAN.

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 32

 Type of Network

General Network Implementations: VANs

• A VAN is a network owned by a communications utility that sells
the services of the network to other companies.
• A communications utility that owns a VAN provides connectivity to
multiple locations.
• The value added by the communications utility is the maintenance
and management of the communications circuits.

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 33

 Type of Network

General Network Implementations: Enterprise

Networks
• An enterprise network is an organization’s complete network.
• With the advent of LANs, many companies installed departmental
LANs to improve the productivity of work groups.
• Soon, these companies realized that there was a benefit to having
users on one LAN communicate with users or applications on other
LANs or on the WAN, and the various networks were connected
together to form one corporate-wide network, the enterprise
network.

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 34

 Type of Network

General Network Implementations: The Internet

• An internet (with a lowercase ‘i’) is the interconnection of two or more

networks. An enterprise networks just described is an example of an
internet.
• An internet is any set of interconnected Internet Protocol (IP) networks.
the Internet is an internet, but the reverse does not apply. The Internet
is sometimes called the connected internet.
• The Internet (with an uppercase ‘I’) is a specific instance of an internet.
• The Internet is a global network of networks. The Internet is made up
of hundreds of networks, thousands of nodes, and millions of users
throughout most countries of the world.
09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 35
 Type of Network

General Network Implementations: Intranets

• An intranet is an organization’s private Web.

• Companies have found that WWW capabilities can improve the
information flow and availability in a company.
• Companies may use an intranet rather than publishing on the
Internet because the information being provided is intended for
corporate use only and not for the public at large.

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 36

 Mode of Transmission

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 37

 Simplex

Examples:
1. Radio broadcasting 2. Television broadcasting
3. computer to printer communication 4. Keyboard and monitor

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 38

 Half-Duplex

Examples:
1. Walkie-Talkie, 2. a two-way radio that has a push-to-talk button
3. One way road used for both side traffic but not at a same time

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 39

 Full-Duplex

Examples:
Telephone network and Mobile network

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 40

 Line configuration

Examples:
Examples:
• Mesh Topology
Bus Topology
• Ring Topology

• Star Topology

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 41

 Point-to-Point Line Configuration

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 42

 Point-to-Point Line Configuration

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 43

 Point-to-Point Line Configuration

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 44

 Multipoint Line Configuration

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 45

 Network Topology

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 46

 Network Topology

Mesh Topology

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 47

 Network Topology
Mesh Topology

No. of keys = 6

If N is node then
no. of connection= When N=5
n(n-1)/2 Key= 10,
When N=50
Key= ,

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 48

 Network Topology
Star Topology

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 49

 Network Topology

Tree Topology

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 50

 Network Topology
Bus Topology

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 51

 Network Topology
Hybrid Topology

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 52

 Network Topology
Ring Topology

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 53

 Network Topology

Summary of Topology

If N no. of nodes
Types of Topology/No. of connection

Mesh N(N-1) / 2

Star N (excluding HUB), N-1 (Including HUB)

Bus N + 1 (for backbone cable)

Ring N

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 54

 Transmission Media

• Guided Media

• Unguided Media
 Transmission Media

Objective: Study about basic concept of Transmission media and uses in

different
place.

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 56

 Transmission Media

1. Guided Media:
It is also referred to as Wired or Bounded transmission media. Signals being
transmitted are directed and confined in a narrow pathway by using physical links.
Features:
High Speed
Secure
Used for comparatively shorter distances
There are 3 major types of Guided Media:

(i) Twisted Pair Cable –

It consists of 2 separately insulated conductor wires wound about each other.
Generally, several such pairs are bundled together in a protective sheath. They
are the most widely used Transmission Media. Twisted Pair is of two types:
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)

Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 57

 Transmission Media

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP):

This type of cable has the ability to block interference and does not depend on a
physical shield for this purpose. It is used for telephonic applications. Advantages:
Least expensive
Easy to install
High-speed capacity

Shielded Twisted Pair (STP):

This type of cable consists of a special jacket to block external interference. It is used
in fast-data-rate Ethernet and in voice and data channels of telephone
lines. Advantages:
Better performance at a higher data rate in comparison to UTP
Eliminates crosstalk
Comparatively faster
Comparatively difficult to install and manufacture
More expensive

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 58

 Transmission Media

CNxial Cable –
It has an outer plastic covering containing 2 parallel conductors each having a separate
insulated protection cover. The CNxial cable transmits information in two modes:
Baseband mode(dedicated cable bandwidth) and Broadband mode(cable bandwidth is
split into separate ranges). Cable TVs and analog television networks widely use
CNxial cables.
Advantages:
High Bandwidth
Better noise Immunity
Easy to install and expand

Optical Fibre Cable –

It uses the concept of reflection of light through a core made up of glass or plastic. The
core is surrounded by a less dense glass or plastic covering called the cladding. It is
used for the transmission of large volumes of data.
The cable can be unidirectional or bidirectional. The WDM (Wavelength Division
Multiplexer) supports two modes, namely unidirectional and bidirectional mode.
Advantages:
09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 59
 Transmission Media

Advantages:

Increased capacity and bandwidth

Lightweight
Less signal attenuation
Immunity to electromagnetic interference
Resistance to corrosive materials
Disadvantages:
Difficult to install and maintain
High cost
Fragile

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 60

 Twisted-Pair Cable

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 61

 Noise Effect

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 62

 Transmission media
Noise on Twisted-Pair Lines

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 63

 Transmission media
Unshielded Twisted-Pair Cable

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 64

Figure 7-9
Transmission media
UTP Connectors

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 65

 Transmission media

Shielded Twisted-Pair Cable

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 66

 Transmission media

CNxial Cable

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 67

 Transmission media

BNC- Standing for Bayonet Neil-

Concelman, this connector is used
with television, video signal and
radio below a frequency of 4GHz

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 68

 Transmission media
Refraction

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 69

 Transmission media
Critical Angle

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 70

Figure 7-15
Transmission media
Reflection

09/21/2023 71
NISHA ACSE502 CN 1
 Transmission media

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 72

 Transmission media
Multimode Step-Index

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 73

 Transmission media

Multimode Graded-Index

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 74

 Transmission media
Single Mode

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 75

 Transmission media
Fiber Construction

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 76

 Transmission media
Step Index vs. Graded Index

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 77

 Transmission media

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 78

 Encoding

Objective: Study about basic concept of Encoding techniques and its types

Different Conversion Schemes

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 79

 Encoding
Digital to Digital Encoding

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 80

 Encoding
Types of Digital to Digital Encoding

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 81

 Encoding

Unipolar Encoding

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 82

 Encoding
Types of Polar Encoding

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 83

 Encoding

Encoding is the process of converting the data or a given sequence of characters,

symbols, alphabets etc., into a specified format, for the secured transmission of data.

Decoding is the reverse process of encoding which is to extract the information from
the converted format.

Data Encoding
Encoding is the process of using various patterns of voltage or current levels to
represent 1s and 0s of the digital signals on the transmission link.

Non Return to Zero NRZ

NRZ Codes has 1 for High voltage level and 0 for Low voltage level. The main
behavior of NRZ codes is that the voltage level remains constant during bit interval.
The end or start of a bit will not be indicated and it will maintain the same voltage
state, if the value of the previous bit and the value of the present bit are same.
The following figure explains the concept of NRZ coding.

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 84

 Encoding

NRZ - L NRZ–LEVEL

There is a change in the polarity of the signal, only when the incoming signal changes
from 1 to 0 or from 0 to 1. It is the same as NRZ, however, the first bit of the input
signal should have a change of polarity.

NRZ - I NRZ–INVERTED

If a 1 occurs at the incoming signal, then there occurs a transition at the beginning of
the bit interval. For a 0 at the incoming signal, there is no transition at the beginning of
the bit interval.

NRZ codes has a disadvantage that the synchronization of the transmitter clock with
the receiver clock gets completely disturbed, when there is a string of 1s and 0s.
Hence, a separate clock line needs to be provided.

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 85

 Encoding

Bi-phase Manchester
In this type of coding, the transition is done at the middle of the bit-interval. The
transition for the resultant pulse is from High to Low in the middle of the interval, for
the input bit 1. While the transition is from Low to High for the input bit 0.

Differential Manchester

In this type of coding, there always occurs a transition in the middle of the bit interval.
If there occurs a transition at the beginning of the bit interval, then the input bit is 0. If
no transition occurs at the beginning of the bit interval, then the input bit is 1.

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 86

 Encoding

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 87

 Encoding
NRZ-L and NRZ-I Encoding

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 88

 Encoding
RZ Encoding

NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 89
09/21/2023
 Encoding
Manchester and Diff. Manchester Encoding

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 90

 Encoding

Types of Bipolar Encoding

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 91

 Encoding
Bipolar AMI Encoding

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 92

 Encoding

Example

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 93

 Encoding

Example

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 94

 Multiplexing

Objective: Study about basic concept of Multiplexing and its types

Whenever the bandwidth of a medium linking two devices is greater than the bandwidth
needs of the devices, the link can be shared. Multiplexing is the set of techniques that
allows the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a single data link. As data
and telecommunications use increases, so does traffic. In real life, we have links with
limited bandwidths. Bandwidth utilization is the wise use of available bandwidth to
achieve specific goals. Efficiency can be achieved by multiplexing.

NISHA ACSE502
09/21/2023 95
CN 1
 Multiplexing

There are three basic multiplexing techniques: frequency-

division multiplexing, wavelength-division multiplexing, and
time-division multiplexing. The first two are techniques designed
for analog signals, the third, for digital signals.

NISHA ACSE502
09/21/2023 96
CN 1
 Multiplexing

In a multiplexed system, n lines share the bandwidth of one link. The

lines on the left direct their transmission streams to a multiplexer
(MUX), which combines them into a single stream (many-to- one).

At the receiving end, that stream is fed into a demultiplexer (DEMUX),

which separates the stream back into its component transmissions
(one-to-many) and directs them to their corresponding lines.

In the figure, the word link refers to the physical path. The word
channel refers to the portion of a link that carries a transmission
between a given pair of lines. One link can have many (n) channels.

NISHA ACSE502
09/21/2023 97
CN 1
 Multiplexing

• Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) is an analog technique that can be

applied when the bandwidth of a link (in hertz) is greater than the combined
bandwidths of the signals to be transmitted.

• In FDM, signals generated by each sending device modulate different carder

frequencies. These modulated signals are then combined into a single composite
signal that can be transported by the link.

• Carrier frequencies are separated by sufficient bandwidth to accommodate the

modulated signal. These bandwidth ranges are the channels through which the
various signals travel.

• Channels can be separated by strips of unused bandwidth guard bands to

prevent signals from overlapping.

• In addition, carrier frequencies must not interfere with the original data
frequencies. NISHA ACSE502
09/21/2023 98
CN 1
 Multiplexing

NISHA ACSE502
09/21/2023 99
CN 1
 Multiplexing

The de-multiplexer uses a series of filters to decompose the

multiplexed signal into its constituent component signals. The
individual signals are then passed to a demodulator that separates
them from their carriers and passes them to the output lines.

NISHA ACSE502
09/21/2023 100
CN 1
 Multiplexing

Five channels, each with a 100-kHz bandwidth, are to be multiplexed

together. What is the minimum bandwidth of the link if there is a need
for a guard band of 10 kHz between the channels to prevent
interference?

Solution
For five channels, we need at least four guard bands. This means that
the required bandwidth is at least
5 × 100 + 4 × 10 = 540 kHz

NISHA ACSE502
09/21/2023 101
CN 1
 Multiplexing

Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) is designed to use the high-data-

rate capability of fiber-optic cable. The optical fiber data rate is higher than
the data rate of metallic transmission cable. Using a fiber-optic cable for one
single line wastes the available bandwidth. Multiplexing allows us to
combine several lines into one. WDM is an analog multiplexing technique
to combine optical signals. The combining and splitting of light sources are
easily handled by a prism. Recall from basic physics that a prism bends a
beam of light based on the angle of incidence and the frequency.

NISHA ACSE502
09/21/2023 102
CN 1
 Multiplexing

Using this technique, a multiplexer can be made to combine several input

beams of light, each containing a narrow band of frequencies, into one
output beam of a wider band of frequencies. A de-multiplexer can also be
made to reverse the process.

One application of WDM is the SONET network in which multiple optical

fiber lines are multiplexed and de-multiplexed. A new method, called
dense WDM (DWDM), can multiplex a very large number of channels by
spacing channels very close to one another. It achieves even greater
efficiency.
09/21/2023
NISHA ACSE502
CN 1 103
 Multiplexing
Time-Division Multiplexing : Time-division multiplexing (TDM) is a digital
process that allows several connections to share the high bandwidth of a link.
Instead of sharing a portion of the bandwidth as in FDM, time is shared. Each
connection occupies a portion of time in the link. Note that the same link is
used as in FDM; here, however, the link is shown sectioned by time rather
than by frequency. In the figure, portions of signals 1, 2, 3, and 4 occupy the
link sequentially. TDM is a digital multiplexing technique for combining
several low-rate channels into one high-rate one.

NISHA ACSE502
09/21/2023 104
CN 1
 Multiplexing

We can divide TDM into two different schemes: synchronous and statistical.
In synchronous TDM, each input connection has an allotment in the output even if it is
not sending data.
Time Slots and Frames: In synchronous TDM, the data flow of each input
connection is divided into units, where each input occupies one input time slot. A
unit can be 1 bit, one character, or one block of data. Each input unit becomes one
output unit and occupies one output time slot. However, the duration of an output
time slot is n times shorter than the duration of an input time slot. If an input time
slot is T s, the output time slot is T/n s, where n is the number of connections. In
other words, a unit in the output connection has a shorter duration; it travels faster.
In synchronous TDM, the data rate of the link is n times faster, and the unit
duration is n times shorter.

NISHA ACSE502
09/21/2023 105
CN 1
 Multiplexing

Interleaving
TDM can be visualized as two fast-rotating switches, one on the multiplexing side
and the other on the demultiplexing side. The switches are synchronized and rotate at
the same speed, but in opposite directions. On the multiplexing side, as the switch
opens in front of a connection, that connection has the opportunity to send a unit onto
the path. This process is called interleaving.
NISHA ACSE502
09/21/2023 106
CN 1
 Internetworking Devices

Networking
and
Internetworking
Devices
Sanjay
NISHANayak KCS603
ACSE502 CN Unit Number:1
09/21/2023 107
CN 1
 Connecting Devices

switches

NISHA ACSE502
09/21/2023 108
CN 1
Figure 21-2

Connecting Devices and the OSI Model

NISHA ACSE502
09/21/2023 109
CN 1
Figure 21-3

A Repeater in the OSI Model

NISHA ACSE502
09/21/2023 110
CN 1
Figure 21-4

A Repeater

NISHA ACSE502
09/21/2023 111
CN 1
Figure 21-5

Function of a Repeater

NISHA ACSE502
09/21/2023 112
CN 1
Figure 21-6

A Bridge in the OSI Model

NISHA ACSE502
09/21/2023 113
CN 1
Figure 21-7

A Bridge

NISHA ACSE502
09/21/2023 114
CN 1
Figure 21-8

Function of a Bridge

NISHA ACSE502
09/21/2023 115
CN 1
Figure 21-9

Multiport Bridge

NISHA ACSE502
09/21/2023 116
CN 1
Figure 21-10

A Router in the OSI Model

NISHA ACSE502
09/21/2023 117
CN 1
Figure 21-11

Routers in an Internet

NISHA ACSE502
09/21/2023 118
CN 1
Figure 21-12

A Gateway in the OSI Model

NISHA ACSE502
09/21/2023 119
CN 1
Figure 21-13

A Gateway

NISHA ACSE502
09/21/2023 120
CN 1
 Faculty Video Links, Youtube & NPTEL
Video Links and Online Courses Details
• Youtube/other Video Links

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JvXro0dzJY8
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JvXro0dzJY8
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jOIB
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xHyJNkiGRd8

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 121

 Daily Quiz
1. Which of the following network device has the slowest type of connection?
A: DSL B: Router C: Bridges D: Dial-up modems
2. Which networking device connects one LAN to other LAN using same
protocol?
A: Router B: Switch C: Bridge D: Modem
3. Straight through cable is used for connecting
a. Switch to switch b. Hub to switch c. System to system d. System to switch
4. OSI model is-
a. 7 layers b. 6 layer c. 5 layer d. 4 layer
6. TCP/IP model contain –
a. 5 b. 7 c. 3 d. none of the above
7. ISDN stand for –
8. IEEE stand for –
9. Which topology is a example of multipoint connection-
a. BUS b. STAR c. RING d. MESH
10. Step Index & Graded Index is example of which type of cable-
a. Twistted pair b. CNxial c. Fiber Optics d. None of the above
09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 122
 Weekly Assignment

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 123

 MCQ s

1. In.................... each packet of a message need not follow the same path
From sender to receiver. (CO1)
(A) Circuit switching
(B) message switching
(C) a virtual approach to packet switching
(D) The datagram approach to packet switching

2. A set of rules that governs data communication: (CO1)

A. Protocols
B. Standards
C. RFCs
D. None of the mentioned

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 124

 MCQ s

3. Communication channel is shared by all the machines on the network in:

A. broadcast network (CO1)
B. unicast network
C. multicast network
D. none of the mentioned

4. Which one of the following computer network is built on the top of

another network? (CO1)
A. prior network
B. chief network
C. prime network
D. overlay network

NISHA ACSE502
09/21/2023 125
CN 1
 MCQ s

5. Draw digital encoded signal for 101001001

1) NRZ
2) RZ
3) NRZ-I
4) Manchester
5) Differential manchester

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 126

 Old Question Papers

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 127

 Old Question Papers

NISHA ACSE502
09/21/2023 128
CN 1
 Expected Questions for University Exam
Q1. Compare OSI model and TCP/IP model (CO1)

Q2. Explain the transmission in fiber optical cable. (CO1)

Q3. Compare all topology methods , list the advantages and drawback
of different topologies (CO1)

Q4. List the functions of each layer in OSI model (CO1)

Q5. List the parameters for a efficient network (CO1)

Q6. Name the functions of physical layer (CO1)

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 129

 Expected Questions for University Exam

Q7. List the layers of OSI model in bottom up order. (CO1)

Q8. How TCP/IP model introduced? (CO1)
Q9. Name the topologies which provide point to point communication.
(CO1)
Q10. Name the bipolar encoding methods. (CO1)
Q11. What is the maximum length allowed for a UTP cable? (CO1)
Q12. How does a network topology affect your decision in setting up a
network? (CO1)
Q13. List the type of cables used in computer network. (CO1)
Q14. Name the multiplexing methods. (CO1)

09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 130

 Recape of unit

• Goals and applications of networks,

• Categories of networks,
Organization of the Internet, ISP
• Network structure and architecture (layering principles,
services,
protocols and standards),
• The OSI reference model
• TCP/IP protocol suite
• Network devices and components
Physical Layer:
• Network topology design, Types of connections
• Transmission media
• Signal transmission and encoding
• Network performance and transmission impairments
• Switching techniques and multiplexing
09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 131
 References

Books:
1. Forouzen, "Data Communication and Networking",TMH

2. A.S. Tanenbaum, Computer Networks, Pearson Education

3. W. Stallings, Data and Computer Communication,

MacmillanPress

Thank You
09/21/2023 NISHA ACSE502 CN 1 132