Statistics with Computer

Application

By: PROF. ASRAKAL k. DAWAI, MPA

 Course Outline for Statistics with Computer Applications
1. Introduction
2. Data Gathering
3. Presentation of Data
-Textual
-Graphical
-Tabular – frequency Distribution table -- Ogive
4. Measurement of the Central Tendencies
- Mean, Median and Mode
5. Measures of Relative Positions
Quantile
– Quartiles, Deciles and Percentile
6. Measures of Variation
- Range
- Quartile Deviation
- Mean Average Deviation
- The Variance
- Standard Deviation
7. Skewness and Kurtosis
8. Probability
9. Normal Distribution and standard score
Grade Computation:
1. Quizzes-------------------------------------------- 20%
2. Seatworks/Assignments--------------------- 15%
3. Recitation/Computer works----------------- 20%
4. Attendance---------------------------------------- 10%
5. Exam (Midterm and Final)-------------------- 40%
Total ------------------------------ 100%
References:
6. Statistics with Computer Applications
By: Altares, et. al. (2005)
2. Any Statistics book
Introduction
 The importance of statistics
The word “statistics” is used in many ways. In one aspect, it is the
collection of data like those found in statistical bulletin for in financial
pages of newspapers. In other aspect, it is the totality of methods
used in the collection, organization, presentation, analysis or
interpretation of data. Still another aspect, these are quantities or
values computed from numerical data like averages, percentages,
and other kinds of descriptions.
Statistics is an art and science that deals with the collection,
organization, creative presentation, analysis and interpretation
of data.
[Link] and Development
- Egypt – Record riches
- Babylon – Measure the number of men under the king’s rule and
the vast territory
- Rome – Registration for the purpose of taxes
1. John Graunt (1620 – 1674) – an English tradesman who
collected published records called “Bills of Mortality”.
2. Karl Friedrich Gauss (1777 – 1855) – A German Mathematician,
making prediction about the position of the planets in the universe.
3. Adolphe Quetelet (1796 – 1874) – a Belgian astronomer
developed the idea of the “average man” from the study of Belgian
Census. “Father of Modern Statistics”.
4. Karl Pearson (1857 – 1936) – An English Mathematician made
an important link between Probability and Statistics.
5. Ronald Aylmer Fisher (20th Century) – developed the F-tool in
inferential Statistics
George Gallup (1901 – 1984) – Making statistical polling a common
tool in political campaigns.
Use of Statistics
- Education
- Psychology
- Business
- Other Social Sciences
- Medicine
Field of Statistics
1. Descriptive – is concerned with the methods of collecting,
organizing and presenting data appropriately and creatively to
describe or assess group characteristics.
2. Inferential Statistics – is concerned with inferring or drawing
conclusions about the population based from pre-selected
elements of population.
 Constants and Variables
Constants – refer to the fundamental quantities that do not
change in value.
Example:
Fixed Costs
Acceleration due to gravity

Variables – are quantities that may take anyone of a specified set

of values.
 Qualitative (categorical) Variables – are non-measurable
characteristics that cannot assume a numerical value but can be
classified into two or more categories.
Example
1. Sex – either male or female – Dichotomous Variable
2. Opinion – “for”, “against” or “Undecided” – Trichotomous
Variable
3. Smoking Habits – “always/very often”, “often”, “seldom”, “very
seldom” or “never” – Multinomous Variable
 Quantitative Variables
– are those quantities that can be counted, can be measured or can
be calculated with the use of a mathematical formula.

Classification of Quantitative
1. Discrete – data obtained by counting

2. Continuous – data obtained by measuring

Kinds of Variable
1. Independent/Endogenous – Variable that will be a cause.
2. Dependent/Exogenous – Variable that will be the effect.
• Data – usually refers to facts concerning things such as status in
life of people, defectiveness of objects or effect of an even to the
society.
• Information – is a set of data that have been processed and
presented in a form suitable for human interpretation, usually
with a purpose of revealing trends or pattern about the
population.
 Source of Data
1. Primary Source – a first-hand information usually obtained by
means of personal interview and actual observation.
2. Secondary Source – is taken from other’s works.
Four Scale of Measurements
3. Nominal Scale – classifies objects or people’s responses so that all
of those in a single category are equal with respect to some
attributes and each category are coded numerically.
a. Real nominal are those classified under natural occurring characteristics like gender,
nationality, color of the eyes, etc.
b. Artificial nominal are those classified based on “man-made” characteristics following certain
rules like passed or failed based on their scores in a test; positive and negative attitude based
on their responses on an attitudinaire; expert and novice based on their ratings using in a
teaching competence.
2. Ordinal Scale – classifies objects or individual’s response
according to degree or level, then each level is coded numerically.
example of ordinal variables:
 Academic rank
 Educational attainment
 Employment status
 Efficiency Ratings
 Position
 Sickness stage
3. Interval Scale – refers to quantitative measurements in which lower
and upper control limits are adapted to classify relative order and
differences of item numbers or actual scores.
- Provide numbers that are reflected differences among items.
- Equal units of measurement and no true zero value.
Examples of interval variables are as follows:
 UNP CAT results
 Calendar time
 Board exam results
• Math scores

Data gathered from variables measured at an interval level can be

categorized, ranked, and can be added or subtracted.
Ratio Scale – takes into account the interval size and ratio of two
related quantities, which are usually based on a standard
measurement.
- The highest type of scale that has an absolute zero value
In this scale of measurement, the concepts of multiplication, division,
absolute zero, addition, subtraction, and greater than and less than
have meaning Length, weight and age are example of ration
variables. One object maybe twice as long as another, or three times
as heavy, or four times as old as another object
the difference between an interval variable and a ration variable

The essential difference between an interval variable and a ratio

variable is that for the ratio, the measurements are made from true
zero point, whereas for the interval, the measurements are made from
an arbitrarily defined zero point or origin.

Thank you!!!!!
Next Topic:
Data Gathering
Presentation of Data
-Textual
-Graphical
-Tabular – frequency Distribution table -- Ogive