Signal Flow Graph
Signal Flow Graph
Andreya Quilon Jannatul Feedback and Control Systems 1
Signal Flow Graph
Signal Flow Graphs
• Signal Flow Graph graphically displays the
transmission of the signals through the system,
as does the block diagram.
Advantage
Easier to draw
Easier to manipulate
Andreya Quilon Jannatul Feedback and Control Systems 2
Signal Flow Graph
Fundamentals of Signal Flow
Graphs
• This simple equation can be represented by this
simplest form of a signal flow graph:
Andreya Quilon Jannatul Feedback and Control Systems 3
Signal Flow Graph
Fundamentals of Signal Flow
Graphs
Gain
Input Output
Node Node
Andreya Quilon Jannatul Feedback and Control Systems 4
Signal Flow Graph
Signal Flow Graph Algebra
1. The Addition Rule
The value of the variable designated by a node is equal to the sum
of all signals entering the node. In other words, the equation
is represented by
Andreya Quilon Jannatul Feedback and Control Systems 5
Signal Flow Graph
Signal Flow Graph Algebra
2. The Transmission Rule
The value of the variable designated by a node is
transmitted on every branch leaving that node. In other
words, the equation
is represented by
Andreya Quilon Jannatul Feedback and Control Systems 6
Signal Flow Graph
Signal Flow Graph Algebra
3. The Multiplication Rule
A cascaded (series) connection of branches with
transmission functions can be replaced by a single
branch with a new transmission function equal to the
product of the old ones. That is,
Andreya Quilon Jannatul Feedback and Control Systems 7
Signal Flow Graph
Construction of Signal Flow
Graphs
The block diagram of the canonical feedback control
system is given in the figure
The signal flow graph is easily constructed as:
Andreya Quilon Jannatul Feedback and Control Systems 8
Signal Flow Graph
The General Input-Output Gain
Formula
• We know that we can reduce complicated block diagrams
to canonical form, from which the control ratio is
easily written as
• It is possible to simplify signal flow graphs in a
manner similar to that of block diagram reduction. But
it is also possible and much less time-consuming to
write down the input-output relationship by inspection
from the original flow graph using the formula
Andreya Quilon Jannatul Feedback and Control Systems 9
Signal Flow Graph
The General Input-Output Gain
Formula
Where the th forward path gain
Note Two loops, paths, or a loop and a path are said to be non-
touching if they have no nodes in common. is called the signal
flow determinant or characteristic function.
Andreya Quilon Jannatul Feedback and Control Systems 10
Signal Flow Graph
The General Input-Output Gain
Formula
Applying the equation to the signal flow graph of the canonical feedback
system.
There is only one forward path, hence,
There is only one feedback loop, hence,
Then and
Finally
Andreya Quilon Jannatul Feedback and Control Systems 11
Signal Flow Graph
The General Input-Output Gain
Formula
Example Given the signal flow graph of the resistance network of the figure
apply the equation and determine the voltage gain of the resistance
network.
Solution
There is one forward path. Hence the forward path gain is
Andreya Quilon Jannatul Feedback and Control Systems 12
Signal Flow Graph
The General Input-Output Gain
Formula
There is three feedback loops. Hence the loop gains are
Andreya Quilon Jannatul Feedback and Control Systems 13
Signal Flow Graph
The General Input-Output Gain
Formula
There are two non-touching loops, loops 1 and 3. Hence,
There are no three loops that do not touch. Therefore
Since all loops touch the forward path, . Finally,
Andreya Quilon Jannatul Feedback and Control Systems 14
Signal Flow Graph
Thank you!
Andreya Quilon Jannatul Feedback and Control Systems 15
