This document provides an overview of computer memory and storage. It discusses the basic types of computer memory including primary memory (RAM and ROM) and secondary memory. RAM is volatile and used for active programs and data, while ROM is non-volatile and stores essential startup instructions. RAM types include SRAM and DRAM. ROM types include PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM. Cache memory improves CPU performance by storing frequently used data closer to the processor. Memory is hierarchical with levels ranging from CPU registers to external secondary storage devices.
This document provides an overview of computer memory and storage. It discusses the basic types of computer memory including primary memory (RAM and ROM) and secondary memory. RAM is volatile and used for active programs and data, while ROM is non-volatile and stores essential startup instructions. RAM types include SRAM and DRAM. ROM types include PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM. Cache memory improves CPU performance by storing frequently used data closer to the processor. Memory is hierarchical with levels ranging from CPU registers to external secondary storage devices.
This document provides an overview of computer memory and storage. It discusses the basic types of computer memory including primary memory (RAM and ROM) and secondary memory. RAM is volatile and used for active programs and data, while ROM is non-volatile and stores essential startup instructions. RAM types include SRAM and DRAM. ROM types include PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM. Cache memory improves CPU performance by storing frequently used data closer to the processor. Memory is hierarchical with levels ranging from CPU registers to external secondary storage devices.
This document provides an overview of computer memory and storage. It discusses the basic types of computer memory including primary memory (RAM and ROM) and secondary memory. RAM is volatile and used for active programs and data, while ROM is non-volatile and stores essential startup instructions. RAM types include SRAM and DRAM. ROM types include PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM. Cache memory improves CPU performance by storing frequently used data closer to the processor. Memory is hierarchical with levels ranging from CPU registers to external secondary storage devices.
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Module 1
Chapter - 3 Memory & Storage https://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_fundamentals/computer_motherboard.htm Memory What is Computer Memory? A memory is just like a human brain. It is used to store data and instructions. Computer memory is the storage space in the computer, where data is to be processed and instructions required for processing are stored. The memory is divided into large number of small parts called cells. Each location or cell has a unique address, which varies from zero to memory size minus one. For example, if the computer has 64k words, then this memory unit has 64 * 1024 = 65536 memory locations. The address of these locations varies from 0 to 65535.
4 Memory Representation
5 As we know that digital computers work on only two states: ON (1) and OFF (0). These two values are represented by two different voltages within the circuit. Each of these values (either 0 or 1) is called a binary digit or bit and can be considered a symbol for a piece of information.
6 Various units used to measure computer memory are as follows:
7 Types of Memory Memory is the most essential element of a computing system because without it computer can’t perform simple tasks.
Computer memory is of two basic type –
Primary memory (RAM and ROM) Random Access Memory (RAM) is primary-volatile memory Read Only Memory (ROM) is primary-non-volatile memory.
Secondary memory (hard drive,CD,etc.).
8 Fig : Classification of Computer Memory
9 Primary memory (RAM and ROM) Random Access Memory (RAM) is primary-volatile memory Read Only Memory (ROM) is primary-non-volatile memory.
Random Access Memory (RAM) –
It is also called as read write memory or the main memory or the primary memory. The programs and data that the CPU requires during execution of a program are stored in this memory. It is a volatile memory as the data loses when the power is turned off. RAM is further classified into two types- SRAM (Static Random Access Memory) DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory). 10 Read Only Memory (ROM) – Stores crucial information essential to operate the system, like the program essential to boot the computer. It is not volatile. Always retains its data. Used in embedded systems or where the programming needs no change. Used in calculators and peripheral devices. ROM is further classified into types- PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM. It is also called as read write memory or the main memory or the primary memory.
11 12 Types of Random Access Memory
SRAM DRAM (Static RAM) (Dyanmic RAM)
13 Types of Random Access Memory SRAM is also used in personal computers, workstations, routers and peripheral equipment: CPU register SRAM files, internal CPU caches and external (Static RAM) burst mode SRAM caches, hard disk buffers, router buffers, etc. LCD screens and printers also normally employ static RAM to hold the image displayed SRAM (static RAM) is random access memory (RAM) that retains data bits in its memory as long as power is being supplied.
14 Types of Random Access Memory Dynamic random access memory (DRAM) is a type of semiconductor memory that is typically used for the data or program DRAM code needed by a computer processor to (Dyanmic RAM) function. DRAM is a common type of random access memory (RAM) that is used in personal computers (PCs), workstations and servers.
Each DRAM memory cell is made up of a transistor and a
capacitor within an integrated circuit, and a data bit is stored in the capacitor.
15 Types of Read Only Memory
EPROM EEPROM PROM (Erasable (Electrically erasable (Programmable Programmable programmable read read-only memory) read only memory) only memory)
16 Types of Read Only Memory
PROM (Programmable read-only memory)
It can be programmed by user. Once programmed, the
data and instructions in it cannot be changed.
17 Types of Read Only Memory
EPROM (Erasable Programmable read only memory)
It can be reprogrammed. To erase data from it, expose it to
ultra violet light. To reprogram it, erase all the previous data.
18 Types of Read Only Memory
E EPROM The data can be erased by applying (Electrically erasable electric field, no need of ultra violet programmable read only memory) light. We can erase only portions of the chip.
19 Cache Memory in Computer Organization Cache Memory is a special very high-speed memory. It is used to speed up and synchronizing with high-speed CPU. Cache memory is an extremely fast memory type that acts as a buffer between RAM and the CPU. It holds frequently requested data and instructions so that they are immediately available to the CPU when needed. Cache memory is used to reduce the average time to access data from the Main memory. The cache is a smaller and faster memory which stores copies of the data from frequently used main memory locations.
20 Cache Memory
21 Levels of Memory Level 1 or Register – It is a type of memory in which data is stored and accepted that are immediately stored in CPU. Most commonly used register is accumulator, Program counter, address register etc.
Level 2 or Cache memory –
It is the fastest memory which has faster access time where data is temporarily stored for faster access.
Level 3 or Main Memory –
It is memory on which computer works currently. It is small in size and once power is off data no longer stays in this memory.
Level 4 or Secondary Memory –
It is external memory which is not as fast as main memory but data stays permanently in this memory.
22 The secondary storage devices which are built into the computer or connected to the computer are known as a secondary memory of the computer. It is also known as external memory or auxiliary storage.
