CEREMICS

• PRIYA GUPTA
• RIDDHI BHARADWAJ
• SHIVANSH AGARWAL
• SURBHI MISHRA
• YASHASWI PATHAK
INDEX
• INTRODUCTION
• CEREMIC TILES
• VITRIFIED TILES
• STONEWARE
• PORCELAIN
• FIRECLAY
• TERRACOTA
• SURVEY
• BIBLIOGRAPHY
 INTRODUCTION

Ceramics are defined as products made from inorganic materials

having non-metallic properties, usually processed at a high
temperature at some time during their manufacture.

The word "ceramics" comes from the Greek word "Keramos"

meaning "Pottery," "Potter's Clay," or "a Potter." This Greek word
is related to an old Sanskrit root meaning "to burn" but was
primarily used to mean "burnt stuff."
PROPERTIES
Ceramic products have a number of outstanding properties which
determine their usefulness. One of the most unusual of these is
their great durability. This durability can be divided into three
types: chemical, mechanical and thermal.

CHEMICAL DURABILITY
The high chemical durability of the great majority of ceramic
products makes them resistant to almost all acids, alkalies, and
organic solvents. Of further importance is the fact that ceramic
materials are not affected by oxygen. The materials generally
contained in the ceramic products have already combined with
all of the oxygen for which they have an affinity, and therefore,
are not affected further by the presence of oxygen in their
environment.
MECHANICAL DURABILITY
The mechanical durability of ceramics is evidenced by their strength
and hardness. The compressive strengths of ceramic materials are
extremely high, normally 50,000 to 100,000 lbs/sq. in. This
hardness makes ceramic materials very resistant to abrasion. It is
this property which makes them useful for floors, and for the
grinding of metals and other materials.

THERMAL DURABILITY
Most ceramics have the ability to withstan high temperatures. This
is why they are useful in the production of all types of heat-
containing equipment such as kilns for the
ceramic industry, and such products as the inner
linings of fireplaces and home heating furnaces.
RAW MATERIALS
• Clay minerals
• Talc and related minerals
• Silica and silicate minerals
• Feldspar and related minerals
• Refractory raw materials
REFRACTORY RAW
MATERIALS
• Alumina
• Magnesia
• Dolomite
• Chrome ore
OTHER RAW MATERIALS
• Soda ash
• Borate minerals
• Fluorspar
• Phosphate minerals
• Abrasive raw materials
MANUFACTURING
PROCESS
• Products made of ceramic materials include

 construction materials
 abrasives (materials used for grinding)
 Dinnerware
 electrical equipment
 glass products
 refractories (heat-resistant materials)
• Construction materials:

• Clay and shale are used in making strong, durable bricks

and drainpipes.
• Tiles are made of clay and talc.
• Cement consists chiefly of calcium silicates. Gypsum,to
produce plaster for the surfaces of walls and ceilings.
• Bathtubs, sinks, and toilets are made of porcelain,
consisting chiefly of clay, feldspar, and quartz.
• Electrical equipment: insulator Ceramics are used in automobile
spark plugs, on electric power lines, and in television sets. include
alumina and porcelain. Magnetic ceramics are used in electronic
circuits and in electric motors. Complex electronic circuits are
bonded on thin layers of alumina.

Glass products: Products made of glass include food containers,

light bulbs, windows, and lenses for eyeglasses and telescopes.
Fiberglass insulates the walls of many homes.
• A glasslike coating called porcelain enamel serves as a protective
surface on many metal products. These products include such
appliances as refrigerators, stoves, and washing machines.
Porcelain enamel also makes outdoor signs weather-resistant.
• Refractories: The property of heat-resistance makes
refractories suitable for the manufacture of industrial
boilers and furnaces, Refractories shaped into tiles cover
the surface of space shuttles, which must withstand the
intense heat created by high speeds. Ceramics used in
making refractories include alumina, magnesium oxide,
silica, silicon carbide, and zirconium oxide.

Abrasives: extremely hard ceramic materials used for

cutting metals and for grinding, polishing, and sanding
various surfaces, including alumina and silicon carbide.
Dinnerware: Ceramics make excellent containers for
food and drinks. They do not absorb liquids, and they
resist acids, salts, detergents, and changes in
temperature.
CHARACTERSTICS
• High hardness
• High resistance to moisture
• Excellent resistance to chemical attack and
abrasion.
• Can be designed in various patterns.
• Can be painted to various colours
• Bending resistance
ADVANTAGES

1. Durable
2. Easy to clean
3. Design options
4. Cost effective
5. Can be installed in nearly any application
6. High scratch resistance
7. Resistance to burnsenvironment friendly
DISADVANTAGES
• TEMPERATURE- it is cold during winters and during
summers it take time to cool down.
• Hard heavy and intensive installation
• Weight
• Difficult and hard to stand on
CERAMIC TILES
• Ceramic tiles are tiles which are made
from ceramic materials like earthenware
and porcelain.
• It is simply flat slabs of material which
can be used in a range of applications,
including flooring, countertops, roofing,
walls, and showers.
• Ceramic tile is one of the oldest building
materials, dating back over 5000 years.
• It is both functional and decorative.
• It is generally impervious and smooth so
widely used in wet areas where
sanitation is important and maintenance
is required.
Manufacturing of Ceramic tiles
• The manufacturing of ceramic tile is done under the following
steps:-
BATCHING:Weighing of appropriate amount of material.

MIXING AND GRINDING:Once the ingredients are weighed, they are

added together into a shell mixer, ribbon mixer, or intensive mixer.
• SPRAY DRYING:The excess water is usually removed via spray drying.
DRYING:Ceramic tile usually must be dried (at high relative
humidity) after forming, especially if a wet method is used. Drying,
which can take several days, removes the water at a slow enough rate
to prevent shrinkage cracks.

GLAZING:To prepare the glaze, similar methods are used as for the
tile body. After a batch formulation is calculated, the raw materials
are weighed, mixed and dry or wet milled. The milled glazes are then
applied using one of the many methods available.

FIRING:After glazing, the tile must be heated intensely to

strengthen it and give it the desired shape.

After firing and testing, the tile is ready to be packaged and shipped.
APPLYING CERAMIC TILE
Prepare the wall or floor for the ceramic tile.
Applying tile mastic or thin set mortar to the wall or floor.
Install the ceramic tiles.
Cut any tiles that need to be trimmed to fit your pattern.
Grout the joints between the tiles.
Clean the ceramic tiles after grouting
Application
TOOLS USED
ADVANTAGES OF CERAMIC
TILES
• The advantages are the it comes in a huge variety of looks
• Most ceramic tiles are very inexpensive and easily available
• Glazed ceramic tile also does not stain.
• It tends to be extremely durable, and heating and cooling systems
can be installed underneath it to radiate through the floor.
• Ceramic tile flooring is aesthetically pleasing.
• It is easy to clean.
DISADVANTAGES OF
CERAMIC TILES
• The disadvantage is that ceramic tile can crack if hit
with a heavy item.
• As they are slippery, moisture/water can cause
slippage and possible hip/head damage.
Vitrified tiles : Manufacturing
• Vitrified tiles are made by combining 40% clay and 60% silica in a process
called vitrification
• The process of manufacturing makes them extremely hard and non porous
• Vitrified tiles are generally made by dust press method, 60% silicon, 40% clay
along with other raw materials.
• Resulting in dense tile, strong and frost resistant.
• Absorption not exceeding 0.05%
• Vitrified tiles are almost maintenance free and have good scratch resistance,
making them suitable for high traffic areas
• The process of manufacturing makes it shiney, hard, translucent.
• Very low on porosity, so it does not absorb water.
• After Vitrification they have same material throughout the section.
• Thus making it more stronger than ceramic tiles and hence costly.
ADVANTAGES OF VITRIFIED TILES

• superior properties compared to marble or natural

granite
• Stain resistance
• Scratch resistance
• Retain their colour for decades
• They are non abrasive so can be use them in high traffic
area
• Any change in temperature or moisture does not cause
any effect
• Design on tiles are permanent
DISADVANTAGES OF VITRIFIED TILES

• vitrified tiles are not yet available in a variety of shades, at

least not as many colours as you will find in natural stones.

• much costlier than other ceramic tiles

• Vitrified tiles are dangerous when they are wet

• Can not use harsh chemical based cleaners for vitrified tile
flooring.
DIFFERENCE
• Vitrified tiles are very similar to ceramic tiles, but
are made with slightly different elements. The clay
is mixed with quartz and feldspar before it is heated
in the kiln. These extra ingredients melt, creating a
glass element inside the tile. This glass component
makes the vitrified files very hard and resistant to
any type of absorption.
• Vitrified tiles, unlike ceramic tiles, are rarely glazed.
Instead, a dye is mixed in with the clay before it is
fired. This dye makes the clay a uniform color, so
even if the vitrified tile is scratched, the color will
stay the same. Instead of being glazed, vitrified tiles
are either polished or unpolished. Polished tiles
have a bright sheen, while unpolished versions are
rougher and have a more natural look
Identification of a tile
 Check for cracks on back side
 Check for pop sound. Caused due to improper
baking, or porosity.
 Check for the grooving made on back side. These
help in fixing of tile
STONEWARE
STONEWARE
• Introduction

Stoneware is vitreous or semi-vitreous ceramic ,

made of clay mixed with sand , stone and broken
pottery(refactory clays) .They are prepared by
burning at high temperature(1100°C-1300°C) and
are strong enough to resist scratching by a steel
point.
PROPERTIES
• well vitrified
• impervious to moisture
• hard and dense
• Opaque
• resist action of acids
• high strength and durability
• water absorption less than 1%
• give ringing sound when struck with each other.
• nonporous
• resemble fire bricks
APPEARANCE

• closed grains
• light straw in colour
• fine texture(orange peel texture).
USES
• wall or floor tiles
• water pipes/drainage pipes
• water closets/ bath tubs
• kitchen ware
• sink/washbasin
• electrical appliance
• chemical laboratory wares
STONEWARE DRAINAGE
PIPES
• Early pipes were moulded from thick sheets of clay.

• Drainage pipes were cylindrical with a socket at one.

• To ensure the pipes were impermeable they were salt

glazed

• Stoneware pipes could be produced with slightly thinner

'walls' than fireclay pipes because of the nature of the
clay. 
• Although stoneware clays could produce very good
quality pipes, manufacturing methods were not
perfect and pipes could be damaged before or after
firing. In addition, they were sometimes improperly
fired due to temperature variations within the kiln.  
COMPOSITION
• Stoneware is made of 3 major constituents
CLAY
The basic clay found in stoneware clay body are high
temperature refractory clays.
Each group of clays provide a special attribute
including fired strength , shrinkage and plasticity.
FILTERS
Filter reduce clay body shrinkage and waping in the
dying and firing stages.
• FLUXES
fluxes help lower the melting point of heat resistant
clays and fillers and increase the glass formation in a
clay body.
MANUFACTURING
PROCESS
BRANDS
• TILES
SOMANY
KAJARIA
NITCO
SINKS
Kohler
Delta
TYPES OF STONEWARE
• Traditional stoneware
• Fine stoneware
• Chemical stoneware
• Thermal shock resistant stoneware
• Electrical stoneware
TRADITIONAL STONEWARE
• A dense and inexpensive body
• It is opaque , can be of any colour and breaks with a
conchoidal or stony fracture.
• Traditionally made of fine grained, plastic clays
which can be used to shape very large pieces.
FINE STONEWARE
• Made from more carefully selected,prepared ,and
blended raw materials.
• It is used to produce tableware and art ware.
CHEMICAL STONEWARE
• Used in the chemical industry , and whwn
resistance to chemical attack is needed.
• Purer raw materials are used than for others
stoneware bodies.
THERMAL SHOCK
RESISTANT STONEWARE
• Has additions of certain materials to enhance the
thermal shock resistance of the fired body.
ELECTRICAL STONEWARE
• Historically used for electrical insulators,
although it has been replaced by electrical
porcelain.
ADVANTAGES
• GOOD PLASTICITY FOR FORMING METHOD BUT WITH
ENOUGH TOOTH TO MAKE LARGE SHAPES W / O
SLUMPING.
• SHRINKAGE CONTROLLED IN DRYING AND FIRING :
NO TENDANCY TO CRACK.
• DOES NOT WARP OR SLUMP MUCH IN FIRING TO
MATURITY.
• DESIRED DEGREE OF VITRIFICATION.
• COLOR DESIRED.
• FREEDOM FROM ALKALIES THAT CAUSE SCUMMING.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STONEWARE AND EARTHENWARE

SR. STONEWARE EARTHENWARE

NO.
1. NON POROUS POROUS
2. IMPERVIOUS TO WATER (WATER NOT IMPERVIOUS TO WATER
TIGHT) (CANNOT HOLD WATER)
3. COLOUR: BUFF OR TERRACOTA COLOUR: WHITE
4. FEEL TEXTURED FEEL CHALKY
5. CHIP RESISTANT CHIP EASILY
6. LOOK: LIKE POTTERY LOOK: ROUGH WHITE
7. MORE STRONG LESS STRONG
8. LOOKS GREAT WETHER CAN ONLY BE USED WHEN
UNDECORATED OR DECORATED DECORATED
9. CAN WITHSTAND HIGH / LOW CANNOT WITHSTAND HIGH /
TEMPRATURES LOW TEMPERATURES
WHY USE STONEWARE
OVER PORCELAIN?
• Stoneware is prized for its durability and
simple production. Unlike Porcelain which
can be difficult to reproduce based on its
original composition, stoneware does not
require specific materials to bring out its
beauty and increase its strength
DEFECT AND REMEDIES
Crazing is the most common glaze defect. In crazing the
eradication of problems relies on matching the thermal
expansion characteristics of both body and glaze. In practice,
the most effective ways to correct crazing are:
1. increase the silica, in body or glaze
2. decrease the feldspar, in body or glaze
3. decrease any other material containing sodium or
potassium
4. increase the boron
5. increase the alumina, i.e. the clay content
6. increase lead oxide.
FIRECLAY

• It is a refractory clay capable of withstanding high

temperatures chiefly used for manufacture of
ceramics, especially firebrick.
• It includes those sedimentary or residual clays
which vitrify at a very high temperature and
which ,when so burnt, possess great resistance to
heat.
 The greater the percentage of alumina, the more
refractory the clay will be.
COMPOSITIONS
• There are pure hydrated silicates of alumina
and contain a large proportion of silica 55-
75%, alumina 20-35%, iron oxide 2-5% with
about 1% of lime, magnesia and alkalis.
 Fire clays (refractory material) are capable of
resisting very high temperature up to 1700 c
without melting or softening.
 The presence of small percentage of alkalis helps
to melt the clay particles more firmly, whereas a
large percentage of magnesia and alkalis tend to
melt the clay at low temperatures.
 Used for manufacturing fire bricks ,tiles, lining
materials for furnaces and crucibles.
PROPERTIES

Black in color.
Fusion point higher than 1600 degrees.

Often forms the bed layer of earth under seams

of coal.
Infusibility of fireclays does not depend
altogether upon their chemical composition but
also upon their degree of fineness. A fireclay with
a coarse open grain will probably prove more
refractory than one with a close even texture.
TYPES

FLINT FIRE CLAY

PLASTIC FIRE CLAY
APPLICATIONS

Suitable for lining furnaces as firebricks.

Manufacture of utensils used in metalworking
industries.
Because of its stability during firing in the kiln,it can be

• used to make complex items of pottery such as pipes

and
• SANITARY WARE
• KITCHEN SINKS
• FIRECLAY TILES.
FIREBRICKS
• Firebricks are made from fireclay just as ordinary
bricks.
• These are made from fireclay by processes very
similar to those adopted in making ordinary bricks.
The clay is dug,weathered,tempered,ground under
rollers, passed through riddles to remove
lumps,pugged,moulded,burnt in kilns at a heat
slowly increasing until it attains a very high
temperature , and
• then allowed gradually to cool.
 PROPERTIES
Generally of pale brownish colour,sometimes
reddish or yellow or grey.
Frequently molted with dark spots,due to the
presence of particles of iron pyrites.
PORCELAIN
• Porcelain(also known as china or fine china) is a
ceramic material made by heating materials,
generally including clay in the form of kaolin, in a
kiln to temperatures between 1,200 and 1,400°C.
Porcelain can informally be referred to as "china" or
"fine china.
Properties associated with
porcelain include
• low permeability
• Elasticity
• considerable strength
• Hardness
• Toughness
• Whiteness
• translucency
• resonance
• and a high resistance to chemical attack and thermal
shock.
MATERIALS
• The composition of porcelain is highly variable, but
the clay mineral kaolinite is often a raw material.
Other raw materials can include feldspar, ball clay ,
glass, bone ash, steatite, quartz, petuntse and
alabaster.
• The clays used are often described as being long or
short, depending on their plasticity.
•
• Long clays are cohesive (sticky) and have high
plasticity
•
• short clays are less cohesive and have lower plasticity.
 Porcelain can be divided into
the three main categories:

• hard-paste
• soft-paste
• bone china
(depending on the composition of the paste, the material
used to form the body of a porcelain object and the firing
conditions.)
 Soft paste porcelain

• It is to replicate Chinese porcelain

by using mixtures of clay and
ground-up glass (frit) to produce
soft-paste porcelain. Soapstone
and lime were known to have
been included in these
compositions.
Hard paste porcelain

• They were formed from a paste composed of

kaolin and alabaster and fired at temperatures up
to 1,400°C in a wood-fired kiln, producing a
porcelain of great hardness, translucency, and
strength.
Bone china

• bone china was made

from two parts of bone-
ash, one part of kaolin
clay and one part china
stone, although this has
largely been replaced by
feldspars from non-UK
sources.
Source: architravel.com
Bathroom fittings
• Because of its durability, inability to rust and
nonporous nature (porcelain has an absorption rate
of less than .5%), glazed porcelain has been in use
for personal hygiene .

• Porcelain toilet bowls, bidets and basins are still

produced, though the tougher stoneware is more
common.
• However bath tubs are not made of porcelain, but
often of so called porcelain enamel on a metal
base, usually of cast iron.
 Ceramic tiles Porcelain tiles
Constr Red, brown or white White clay, sand,
uction clay. Softer, less dense. feldspar.
dense.
Harder, more

Absorbs less water,

Pros Easier to cut, cheaper. stain resistant, more
hardwearing.
Absorbs more water
(prone to cracking in More expensive,
cold weather), more
Cons prone to stains, less trickier to cut and
shape, more brittle.
stain resistant, less
hard-wearing.
Best Walls, areas with little Areas with higher moisture
used for moisture, areas with light levels, areas with higher
footfall or abrasion. footfall or abrasion.

Cost Cheaper More expensive

Colour Colour only on glaze, Runs through whole tile,

different underneath. can have a glaze on top.

Ease of May require specialist

use Easier to cut. expertise to cut.

Suitable
for No Yes
exterior
use
TERRACOTTA
The terra means earth and cotta means baked hence the terra-
cotta means the baked earth. It is thus a type of earthenware or
porous pottery made from local clays and glazed with glazes
containing galena. It is soft enough to be scratched by a knife.
CONSTITUENTS:
• Clay -
Iron oxide- about 5% to 8%
Lime- about 1% or so
• Sand
• Ground glass
• Old terracotta or pottery
PROPERTIES
1. When exposed to firing temperatures in excess of 600°C,
terracotta increases in mechanical strength and, though
porous, will not revert to its plastic state when saturated
by water.
2. The color most commonly associated with terracotta is a
rich red-brown, which is due to the presence of iron oxide
in the clay that, when fired in an oxygen-rich atmosphere,
produces the distinctive red color
3. The presence of other minerals, the firing temperature and
the atmosphere in the kiln all contribute to the final color
of terracotta, which can range from dark brown to pink,
buff, tan, orange or even green.
 Manufacture of terra-cotta:
• Following four distinct operations are involved in the manufacture of terra-
cotta:
(1) Preparation of clay
(2) Molding
(3) Drying
(4) Burning
• PREPARATION OF CLAY:
For terracotta, selected clay is taken. The clay should contain a slightly
higher percentage of iron oxide, about 5% to 8% and proportion of lime
should be less, about 1% or so. Sometimes several varieties of clay with
high alumina content are taken and then to this mixture is added sand,
ground glass, old terracotta or pottery. The addition of such materials gives
strength and rigidity to the terracotta product and it prevents shrinking
while drying. Such clay is made free from any impurity such as grit, pebbles,
organic matter, etc. It is then finely crushed and pulverized.
 The water is added in required quantity and the ingrediants are thoroughly
mixed with spades. Such wet clay is kept for several days in a damp
condition
for weathering and tempering. It is then pressed or kneaded in a pug mill and it
is made ready for the next operation of moulding. The required quantity of
colouring substance is added at this stage to obtain the desired shade of colour
in the final product of terracotta.
• MOULDING:
The clay is placed in moulds which represent the pattern or shape in which the
product is to be formed. For terracotta work, special moulds of plaster of paris
or the templates of zinc are used. The size of moulds is determined by keeping
due allowance for shrinkage. The fine sand is sprinkled on the inside surface of
moulds and the clay is then pressed in moulds with hand.
• DRYING:
The moulds filled in with clay are kept for some days for drying. After this
period, the articles of the terracotta are taken out from the moulds and they are
allowed to dry further in a room or under a shed. The drying should be done
carefully and slowly with proper control of temperature. The gradual drying
helps in retaining the correct shape and size of the blocks.
• Burning:
• The dried products are burnt in special muffle
furnaces.
1. A muffle indicates a box or a compartment of a
furnace in which things can be heated without
contact with the fuel and its products
2. A damper indicates a metal plate which is
provided in an opening to regulate the draught.
3. The dried articles are arranged in muffle and
temperature of kiln is raised to about 1200°C.
4. This temperature is maintained for about four
days and the burnt products are then allowed to
cool down in kiln for a period of about five days.
5. For getting the glazed products, the glazing
materials should be applied by brush on terra-
cotta products before they are finally burnt.
 Varieties of terracotta:
The terra-cotta articles are of the following Two types:
(1) Porous terra -cotta
(2) Polished terra-cotta.
• Porous terra-cotta:
1. To prepare porous terra-cotta, the saw dust or ground cork is added in
clay before the stage of moulding.
2. When articles from such clay are burnt in a kiln, the organic particles are
burnt and they leave pores in the articles.
3. The porous terra-cotta is a fire-proof and a sound-proof material.
4. It can be chiseled, sawn and nailed easily with nails, screws, etc. It is light
in weight, but it is structurally weak.
 • Polished terra-cotta:
1. This is also known as the fine terra-cotta.
2. To obtain this variety of terra-cotta, the articles are burnt at a lower
temperature of about 650°C.
3. The first burning is known as the biscuiting. The articles brought to
biscuit stage are removed from kiln and are allowed to cool down.
4. They are then coated with glazing compound and burnt again in the kiln
at a temperature of about 1200°C.
5. It is available in a variety of colours and it indicates superior quality of
terra-cotta.
6. It is used for ornamental purposes and in industrial areas since it is
ordinarily unaffected by the adverse atmospheric conditions.
 ADVANTAGES
Strong and durable material.

Available in variety of shapes, sizes, and colors.

Cheaper than ordinary finely dressed stones.

Easily cleaned.

Fire-proof and can be conveniently used with R.C.C. work.

Easily moulded in desired shapes.

Lighter in weight.

Not affected atmospheric agencies and acids and is capable withstanding

weathering actions(if sealed properly).
 DISADVANTAGES
Terra cotta is subject to unequal shrinkage in burning, which sometimes
causes the pieces to be twisted.

Though terracotta flooring can be used without sealing, it will not last as long
as tiles that are properly sealed. The material is very porous and can absorb
moisture quickly. It can also crack and deteriorate quickly if left unsealed.
Also, the material can quickly absorb stains if not protected properly.

It can’t be fixed during the progress of work but to be done when work is in
the final stage of completion.

Installation of terracotta flooring can be quite tedious and complex.

 USES OF TERRACOTTA
• It is used as a decorative material in place of stone for ornamental parts of
buildings such as string courses, sills, copings, bases of pillars, fire places, etc.
• Terracotta blocks are used for various ornamental purposes such as facing
work, arches, cornices, casings for columns etc.
• It is adopted for all sorts of ornamental work.
• It is used roof tiling.
• It is used for flooring.
USES OF TERRA-COTTA

TERRACOTTA WORK IN CORNICE COPING WITH TERRACOTTA

TERRACOTTA ROOF
TILE

ORNAMENTATION WORK TERRACOTTA TILE FLOORING

Glazes

•Terra cotta pieces can be left unglazed or finished with a

mixture of metallic oxides, chemicals, clays, and water sprayed
on piece which is then fired to fuse the ceramic finish to the
terra cotta body.
• Glazes may be high-fired type which are sprayed on pieces
prior to firing.
• Low-fired glazes are applied to pieces that have already
been fired. These pieces are then fired again at a lower
temperature to fuse the ceramic finish to the terra cotta piece.
•Matte, satin, and gloss finishes are available for glazes.
• Either a single color or multiple colors can be applied to a
terra cotta piece. A mottled appearance can be achieved by
blending two or more colors during application.
LAYING OF TERRACOTTA ROOF TILE

Start at the edge of the roof and

• install the first row of terracotta roof
• tiles, one at a time. Line up the front
• edge of the tile with the edge of the
LAYING ORDER
• roof and place a nail in the nail hole INSTALL THE SHEETS AT THE EAVES PERPENDICULAR
TO THE EAVES

• located in the center of the back

• contoured edge.

Continue laying the tiles next to each other until you

complete the row.
.

Lay a second row of tiles by starting

Back at the first tile. Place a tile behind
the front tile, overlapping the back
contoured edge of the first tile with
the front contoured edge of the
second tile. Place a nail in the nail hole
in the center of the back contoured edge.
TERRACOTTA ROOF TILE

Continue laying clay roofing tiles until you complete the second
row.
Complete one side of the roof and lay the tiles over
the second half of the roof.
After both sides of the roof have been tiled, lay a last
row of tiles over the ridge and finally set(pointed) with
cement mortar.
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SURVEY
 MARKET SURVEY FOR TERRACOTTA
• TERRACOTTA ROOF TILE:
 Dimensions:
• 300 x 400mm
• 320X420mm
• 305X420mm etc.
Cost:
• 5 Rupees/piece
• Each carton- 1.486 meters(16 ft) pieces MANGALORE TILE CORRUGATEDTILE

• TERRACOTTA FLOOR TILE:

Dimensions:
• 250x250 mm (10"x10" )
300x300 mm (12"x12")
140x280 mm (5 ½ "x 11")
180x360 mm (7 ¼ "x 14 ½ ")
• Also available in 400x400 mm (16"x16").
Standard thickness is 15 mm and 25 mm.
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COMPANY NAME SIZES (IN INCHES) PRICE (PER BOX)
JOHNSONS 8x12 15 pcs. 180-200
12x12 10 pcs. 220-300
10x10 10 pcs. 270-400
16x16 10 pcs. 280-350
12x18 4 pcs. 350-500

HINDWARE 8x12 15 pcs. 150-200

12x12 10 pcs. 200-350

JAGUAR 8x12 15 pcs 200-250

10x10 10 pcs 300-350
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