G.

Pullaiah College of Engineering and Technology

Object Oriented Programming through Java

Department of Computer Science &
Engineering
UNIT 2
1. OPERATORS
2. CONTROL STATEMENTS
3. CLASS FUNDAMENTALS,
4. OBJECTS
5. METHODS
6. CONSTRUCTORS
7. THE THIS KEYWORD
8. GARBAGE COLLECTION
9. THE FINALIZE() METHOD 
Operating with Java

 Most programming languages have operators

 Operators are short-hand symbols for actions
= Assign right to left
+ Add two numbers (or concatenate two strings)
 Operators in Java have fixed meaning
 No operator overloading
 Can’t say:
List = List + Item; // Add item to list
Kinds of Operators
Category What it does… Examples
Arithmetic Addition, subtraction +, -, /
Assignment Set a value to an expression =, +=, &=
Conditional Choose one of two values ?:
Logical Logical comparisons &&, ||
Relational Compare values ==, >=
Bitwise Move bits within a number <<, >>
Operator Precedence
 Usually things go left-to-right, but there are
precedence rules
 Nutshell reading lists operators by precedence
 Override precedence with ()’s
Arithmetic Operators
 The usual suspects: plus, minus, blah, blah, blah
 Modulo/remainder operator
Modulo Operator
 Modulo (or remainder) operator: what’s left over
after division
7%3 = 1
198%3 = ??
6.0%4.0 = 2
 Is it odd or even?
 Looping with clock arithmetic
 Appointment at 5pm everyday
 Baking 217 cakes: step 3 of 7 same as 24 of 28
Short-Hand Operators
 Increment and decrement: ++ and --
 Often need to add or subtract 1
 Pre: Add (subtract) first
 Post: Add (subtract) afterwards
 Compiler can sometimes optimize
Testing Out Short-Hand
Suppose we start with:
X = 7;
Y = 9;

After X Y Whole thing

X++ * Y
++X + Y
++X / Y++

What’s the difference between:

X++;
++X;
Are You My Type?
 What’s the type of a result?
Expression Result type
int * int int
float * float ??
int * float ??
int / int ??
 Conversion & promotion
Assignment Operators
 Change the value on the left to the value of the
expression on the right
If you want to: Try:
Assign 8 to Y Y = 8;
Add 1 to Y Y++;
Assign Y+10 to Y X += 10;
Works for Strings Too

 Strings are “added” (concatenated) with +

What is Name after the third line?
Name = “Simpson”;
First = “Lisa”;
Name += First;
What’s the result here?
Age = 11;
Message = “He’s “ + Age + “ years old.”;
Conditional Operator
 Instead of If..Then..Else, use ?:
 Takes three arguments in the form:

Boolean condition ? If-true : If-false

If (Simpson == “Lisa”) {
Message = “She’s our favorite!”;
} else {
Message= “Doh!”;
}
System.out.println(Message);

is the same as…

Using the Conditional Operator

System.out.println(Simpson==“Lisa”
? ”She’s our favorite” :“Doh!”);

(The above should be on one line in a real program)

 And, But and Or will get you pretty
far..
 Logical operators combine simple expressions to
form complex ones
 Boolean logic
Expression One Expression Two One AND Two One OR Two One XOR Two
False False False False False
False True False True True
True False False True True
True True True True False
Boolean Types

 True or false are real values in Java

 Some languages just use 0 and not 0
if (y = 7) then …
 In Java result of a comparison is Boolean
8 != 9 ??
8 != 8 ??
Logical Operators in Java
 Translating logic into Java
AND &&
OR ||
XOR ^
NOT !
Boolean Expressions
 De Morgan’s Laws with Expressions One & Two

One OR Two == One AND Two

One AND Two == One OR Two
 Some handy relations

One XOR One == False

One OR One == True
Short-Circuit
 Remember:
False AND Anything == False
True OR Anything == True
 Sometimes compiler can short-circuit and skip
evaluation of second expression
 What if there are side effects?
Sideline on Side Effects
 Side effects are results of expression evaluation
other than the expression’s value
 Examples
X++;
 Output:
System.out.println(“Howdy!”);
Short-Circuiting Side Effects
 Short-circuiting could prevent a side effect

 How do you force the compiler to evaluate a

second expression?
No Short-Circuit Here
 Guarantee that the second expression is evaluated
AND &
OR |
XOR ^
(Why is ^ listed here?)
Relational Operators
 Determine the relationship between values
 Equality & inequality
 Less than, greater than
(In)Equality
 Equality is different from assignment
== != =
 Most keyboards just have =
 Use == for equality
 And != for inequality
Bitwise Operators
 Computers are binary creatures: everything’s on or
off
 For example, computers can’t store decimal
numbers so
Binary Arithmetic

 Everything’s in powers of two

 Turn 78 into:

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0
64 8 4 2
Accentuate the positive
 Computers don’t know about negative numbers
 Use the first (leftmost) bit as a sign bit:
1 if negative: -5 is 11111101
0 if positive: +5 is 00000011
Bitwise is Binary

 Work with the bits inside the values

 Only good for integral values (integer numbers,
bytes and characters)
Operator Name Description
& AND AND the corresponding bits in the two
operands
| OR OR the corresponding bits in the two
operands
^ XOR XOR the corresponding bits in the two
operands
<< Left shift Shift the bits from right to left
>> Right shift with sign Shift the bits right and preserve the sign
extension
>>> Right shift with zero Shift the bits right and always fill in 0’s
extension
~ Complement Switch 0’s and 1’s
And Shift Your Bits ‘Round and
‘Round
 Bitwise AND of 78 and 34
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
78 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0
34 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
Control Statements
• if else
• switch
• while
• do while
• for
• break
• continue
• return
• Labeled break, continue
if-else
if(conditional_statement){
statement to be executed if conditions becomes
true
}else{
statements to be executed if the above condition
becomes false
}
switch
switch(byte/short/int){
case expression:
statements
case expression:
statements
default:
statement
}
 while - loop
while(condition_statementtrue){
Statements to be executed when the condition becomes
true and execute them repeatedly until condition
becomes false.
}
E.g.
int x =2;
while(x>5){
system.out.println(“value of x:”+x);
x++;
}
do while - loop
do{
statements to be executed at least once without
looking at the condition.
The statements will be exeucted until the condition
becomes true.
}while(condition_statement);
 for - loop
for(initialization; condition; increment/decrement){
statements to be executed until the condition
becomes false
}
E.g:
for(int x=0; x<10;x++){
System.out.println(“value of x:”+x);
}
break
 Break is used in the loops and when executed,
the control of the execution will come out of the
loop.

for(int i=0;i<50;i++){
if(i%13==0){
break;
}
System.out.println(“Value of i:”+i);
}
 continue
 Continue makes the loop to skip the current
execution and continues with the next iteration.
for(int i=0;i<50;i++){
if(i%13==0){
continue;
}
System.out.println(“Value of i:”+i);
}
return
 return statement can be used to cause execution
to branch back to the caller of the method.
Labeled break,continue
 Labeled break and continue statements will
break or continue from the loop that is
mentioned.
 Used in nested loops.
Objects and Classes
 OO Programming Concepts
 Creating Objects and Object Reference Variables
 Differences between primitive data type and object type
 Automatic garbage collection
 Constructors
 Modifiers (public, private and static)
 Instance and Class Variables and Methods
 Scope of Variables
 Use the this Keyword
 Case Studies (Mortgage class and Count class)
 OO Programming Concepts

An object A Circle object

Data Field
data field 1
radius = 5

... State
Method
data field n findArea

method 1

... Behavior

method n
 Class and Objects

Circle UML Graphical notation for classes

radius: double UML Graphical notation for fields

UML Graphical notation for methods

findArea(): double

new Circle() new Circle()

circle1: Circle circlen: Circle UML Graphical notation

for objects
radius = 2 ... radius = 5
 Class Declaration
class Circle {
double radius = 1.0;

double findArea(){
return radius * radius * 3.14159;
}
}
Declaring Object Reference Variables
ClassName objectReference;

Example:
Circle myCircle;
Creating Objects
objectReference = new ClassName();

Example:
myCircle = new Circle();

The object reference is assigned to the object

reference variable.
 Declaring/Creating Objects in a Single Step

ClassName objectReference = new

ClassName();

Example:
Circle myCircle = new Circle();
Differences between variables of
primitive Data types and object types

Primitive type int i = 1 i 1

Object type Circle c c reference

c: Circle
Created using
new Circle() radius = 1
 Copying Variables of Primitive Data
Types and Object Types

Primitive type assignment Object type assignment

i=j c1 = c2

Before: After: Before: After:

i 1 i 2 c1 c1

j 2 j 2 c2 c2

c1: Circle c2: Circle

radius = 5 radius = 9
Garbage Collection
As shown in the previous figure, after
the assignment statement c1 = c2, c1
points to the same object referenced by
c2. The object previously referenced by
c1 is no longer useful. This object is
known as garbage. Garbage is
automatically collected by JVM.
Garbage Collection, cont
TIP: If you know that an object is no
longer needed, you can explicitly assign
null to a reference variable for the
object. The Java VM will automatically
collect the space if the object is not
referenced by any variable.
Accessing Objects
 Referencing the object’s data:
objectReference.data
myCircle.radius

 Invoking the object’s method:

objectReference.method
myCircle.findArea()
Example : Using Objects

 Objective: Demonstrate creating objects,

accessing data, and using methods.

TestCircle Run
Constructors
Circle(double r) {
radius = r;
} Constructors are a
special kind of
Circle() { methods that are
radius = 1.0; invoked to construct
} objects.
myCircle = new Circle(5.0);
 Constructors, cont.
A constructor with no parameters is referred to as
a default constructor.
       Constructors must have the same name as the
class itself.
       Constructors do not have a return type—not
even void.
       Constructors are invoked using the new
operator when an object is created. Constructors
play the role of initializing objects.
Example : Using Classes from the
Java Library
 Objective: Demonstrate using classes from the
Java library. Use the JFrame class in the
javax.swing package to create two frames; use
the methods in the JFrame class to set the title,
size and location of the frames and to display
the frames.

TestFrame Run
Example : Using Constructors

 Objective: Demonstrate the role of

constructors and use them to create
objects.

TestCircleWithConstructors Run
 Visibility Modifiers and
Accessor Methods
By default, the class, variable, or data can be
accessed by any class in the same package.
 public
The class, data, or method is visible to any class in any
package.
 private
The data or methods can be accessed only by the declaring
class.
The get and set methods are used to read and modify private
properties.
Example :
Using the private Modifier and
Accessor Methods

In this example, private data are used for the radius

and the accessor methods getRadius and setRadius
are provided for the clients to retrieve and modify
the radius.

TestCircleWithAccessors Run
Passing Objects to Methods
 Passing by value (the value is the reference to the
object)
Example Passing Objects as Arguments

TestPassingObject Run
Passing Objects to Methods, cont.
main printAreas
method method
times

n 5 5 Pass by value (here the value is 5)

myCircle Reference Reference Pass by value (here the value is the

reference for the object)

myCircle: Circle

radius = 1
Instance
Variables, and Methods

Instance variables belong to a specific instance.

Instance methods are invoked by an instance of

the class.
 Class Variables, Constants,
and Methods

Class variables are shared by all the instances of the

class.

Class methods are not tied to a specific object.

Class constants are final variables shared by all the
instances of the class.
 Class Variables, Constants,
and Methods, cont.

To declare class variables, constants, and methods,

use the static modifier.
 Class Variables, Constants,
and Methods, cont.
UML Notation: Memory
+: public variables or methods
-: private variables or methods
underline: static variables or metods

circle1:Circle 1 radius

instantiate -radius = 1
radius is an instance CircleWithStaticVariable -numOfObjects = 2
variable, and
numOfObjects is a -radius
class variable -numOfObjects
2 numOfObjects
+getRadius(): double instantiate
+setRadius(radius: double): void circle2:Circle
+getNumOfObjects(): int
+findArea(): double
-radius = 5 5 radius
-numOfObjects = 2
Example
Using Instance and Class Variables and
Method

Objective: Demonstrate the roles of

instance and class variables and their
uses. This example adds a class variable
numOfObjects to track the number of
Circle objects created.

TestCircleWithStaticVariable Run
Scope of Variables
 The scope of instance and class variables is the
entire class. They can be declared anywhere inside
a class.
 The scope of a local variable starts from its
declaration and continues to the end of the block
that contains the variable. A local variable must be
declared before it can be used.
The Keyword this
 Use this to refer to the current object.
 Use this to invoke other constructors of the
object.
Array of Objects
Circle[] circleArray = new Circle[10];

An array of objects is actually an array of

reference variables. So invoking
circleArray[1].findArea() involves two
levels of referencing as shown in the next
figure. circleArray references to the entire
array. circleArray[1] references to a
Circle object.
 Array of Objects, cont.
Circle[] circleArray = new Circle[10];

circleArray reference circleArray[0] Circle object 0

circleArray[1]

… Circle object 1

circleArray[9] Circle object 9

Array of Objects, cont.
Example : Summarizing the areas of
the circles

TotalArea Run
Class Abstraction
Class abstraction means to separate class
implementation from the use of the class. The creator
of the class provides a description of the class and let
the user know how the class can be used. The user of
the class does not need to know how the class is
implemented. The detail of implementation is
encapsulated and hidden from the user.
Example The Mortgage Class
Mortgage

-annualInterestRate: double
-numOfYears: int
-loanAmount: double
Mortgage
+Mortgage()
+Mortgage(annualInterestRate: double,
numOfYears: int, loanAmount: double)
+getAnnualInterestRate(): double TestMortgageClass
+getNumOfYears(): int
+getLoanAmount(): double
+setAnnualInterestRate(annualInteresteRate: double): void
+setNumOfYears(numOfYears: int): void
+setLoanAmount(loanAmount: double): void
Run
+monthlyPayment(): double
+totalPayment(): double
Example The Count Class

TestVoteCandidate Run
Java API and Core Java classes
 java.lang
Contains core Java classes, such as numeric classes,
strings, and objects. This package is implicitly
imported to every Java program.
 java.awt
Contains classes for graphics.
 java.applet
Contains classes for supporting applets.
 Java API and Core Java classes,
cont.
 java.io
Contains classes for input and output
streams and files.
 java.util
Contains many utilities, such as date.
 java.net
Contains classes for supporting
network communications.
 Java API and Core Java classes,
cont.
 java.awt.image
Contains classes for managing bitmap images.
 java.awt.peer
Platform-specific GUI implementation.
 Others:
java.sql
java.rmi