CONTENTS

1. Gaskets
2. Packing Materials
3. O-Rings
4. Non-Metals
5. Materials Specifications

Presented By:Tayyab Ejaz (MT-MACH II)

Date:7th Sep 2012
 1-Gaskets

A gasket is a compressible material, or a

combination of materials, which when
clamped between two stationary members
prevents the passage of the media across
those members.
The gasket material
selected must be capable of sealing
mating surfaces, resistant to the medium
being sealed, and able to withstand the
application temperatures and pressures.
 Working Principle

The sealing force which compresses the

gasket, causes it to flow into the flange
macro and micro imperfections. The
combination of contact stress, generated
by the applied force between the gasket
and the flange, and the densification of the
gasket material, prevents the escape of
the confined fluid.
 Forces on Gasket
To ensure the
maintenance of the
seal sufficient stress
must remain on the
gasket surface to
prevent leakage. The
residual bolt load on
the gasket should at all
times be greater than
the hydrostatic end
force acting against it.
 Gasket Selection
The primary selection of a gasket type is
based on the following factors:

• Temperature of the media to be contained

• Pressure of the media to be contained
• Corrosive nature of the application
• Criticality of the application
 Gasket Types

 Non Metal Gaskets

 Semi Metal Gaskets

 Metal Gaskets
 Non-Metal Gaskets
Sheet materials are used in low to medium
pressure services. With careful selection these
gaskets are not only suitable for general service
but also for extreme chemical services and
temperatures. Types include:

Grafoil Gaskets
Compressed Asbestos Gaskets
Teflon Gaskets
 Coded Non-Metal Gaskets
Compressed Asbestos with wire for steam
usage up to 150°C and Compressed
Asbestos without wire for acids, alkalies,
air and condensate usage up to 150°C.
Both are listed in 27 class with thickness
2mm and pressure rating up to 600lb
pressure rating.

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 Semi Metal Gaskets
These are composite gaskets consisting of both
metallic and non-metallic materials. The metal
provides the strength and the resilience of the
gasket and the non-metallic component provides
the conformable sealing material. These gaskets
are suitable for low and high pressure and
temperature applications. Types include:

 Metal Jacketed Gaskets

 Spiral Wound Gaskets
 Metal Jacketed Gasket
Metal Jacketed Gaskets, as the name suggests,
consist of a metallic outer shell with either a
metallic or non-metallic filler. The filler material
gives the gasket resilience, while the metal
jacket protects the filler and resists pressures,
temperatures and corrosion.
 Coded Metal Jacketed Gaskets

Most of the metal jacketed gaskets

are used in exchangers and are
coded in 48 class. These gaskets may
be with and without partition rib
depending upon the design of bonnet
flange of exchangers.
 Spiral Wound Gasket
A spiral wound gasket is manufactured by spirally
winding a preformed metal strip and a filler on the
outer periphery of metal winding mandrels. This
engineered product is to be compatible with the
flange closure in which it is to be used.
 Coded Spiral Wound Gaskets

These are listed in 27 class and can be used up

to pressure rating1500lb. Spiral ring is formed
by Stainless Steel and filler material asbestos
while outer ring if of galvanized Carbon Steel.
Thickness of spiral ring is 4.44mm and that of
outer ring is 3.1mm.
These are used in different services including
steam, air, water, oil and urea service within
designed pressure and temperature range.
 Metal Gaskets

These gaskets can be fabricated in a variety of

shapes and sizes recommended for use in high
pressure and temperature applications. High
loads are required to seat metallic gaskets, as
they rely on the deformation or coining of the
material into the flange surfaces. Types include:

 Lens Gasket
 Ring Joint Gasket
 Lens Gasket

The Lens Ring provides a metallic gasket design

incorporating spherical seating faces designed
to suit specifically mating flange recesses,
providing the user with a high integrity, high
pressure/temperature metal to metal seal.
As with all metallic gaskets, the Lens Ring
material should be specified softer than the
flange material, thus ensuring applied
compressive load leads to the elastic/plastic
deformation of the lens ring and not the flange
sealing face.
 Coded Lens Gaskets

These are available in 27 class as Type A

(Simple), Type B (Blind) and Type “A” (One
Outlet) and are used in high pressure corrosive
service.
Coded lens Gasket
 Ring Joint Gasket
Ring joint gaskets come in two basic types,
an oval cross section and an octagonal
cross section. These basic shapes are used
in pressures up to 5,000 psi.
Under axial compressive load, ring type
joints plastically deform and flow into the
irregularities of the flange groove. Since the
load bearing area of the ring type joint is
relatively small, very high surface stresses
result between the sealing faces of the ring
type joint and the groove.
 2-Packing Materials

Packing is used to achieve zero leakage between

a moving member and a relatively stationary part.
Packing used should possess:

 Good anti-friction properties

 Good chemical resistance to fluid contained
 Should not get affected by the temperature of
application
 Should be reasonably compressible and should
not affect the shaft
 Should not contaminate the fluid being contained
 Packing Selection and Materials
Packing selection is based on:

 Service Fluid
 Pressure of fluid contained
 Temperature
 Nature of fluid
 Material of shaft and stuffing box

Common material of packing

includes; PTFE, Graphite, PTFE-Graphite,
Graphite with inconel or steel wire for
reinforcement etc.
Packing Operating Principle
 Coded Packing
Gland packing square braided asbestos.
Impregnated with MOS2 and graphite
general purpose use.
 CHESTERTON STYLE-315
 JOHN CRANE SYLE-1340
Application media includes; non-
abrasives, water, mild acids & caustics,
gases, oils, steam. Temperature range is -
110°C to 260°C. pH range is 4 to 10.
Speed limit is 10m/s and pressure
limitation is 20bar for pumps and 68bar
for valves.
Gland Packing Square Braided Pure Teflon Fiber.
 CHESTERTON STYLE-1724
 JOHN CRANE SYLE C-1045
Application media includes; chemicals,
solvents, corrosives, gases, ammonia, air and
oils etc. Temperature range is -268°C to 260°C.
pH range is 0 to 14. Speed limit is 5m/s and
pressure limitation is 20bar for pumps and
245bar for valves.
 Gland Packing Square Braided Pure
Graphite. Self Lubricating For Non-
Oxidizing Service.
Application media includes; chemicals,
solvents, corrosives, gases, ammonia, air,
condensate, BFW and oils etc. For Non-
Oxidizing Service temp limit is 2760°C &
430°C in air. PH range is 1 to 14. Speed
limit is 20m/s and pressure limitation is
34bar for pumps and 170bar for valves.
 Gland Packing Square Braided Inconel Wire
Reinforced Asbestos With Extruded Asbestos
Core.
 CHESTERTON STYLE-1500
 JOHN CRANE SYLE -387I
Application media is steam and upto 650°C. PH
range is 2 to 14 . Not recommended for rotary
service and pressure limitation for valves is
296bar.
 Graphite Tape Packing Non-Adhesive.
Type 100% high purity graphite for air
temp upto 430°C and for steam, gas,
chemicals etc temp upto 2760°C .
Standard 0.4mm thickness roll.

Grafoil Tape of Adhesive Type. Service

includes all Fluids, Chemicals and Gases.
Temp limitation is upto 2760°C and
thickness is 0.38mm.
 O-Rings
An O-ring is a loop of elastomer with a round (O-shaped)
cross section used as a mechanical seal. They are
designed to be seated in a groove and compressed
during assembly between two or more parts, creating a
seal at the interface.

The joint may be static, or have relative motion between

the parts and the o-ring, for example rotating pump
shafts and hydraulic cylinders. Joints with motion usually
require lubrication of the o-ring to reduce wear. This is
typically accomplished with the fluid being sealed.
 O-Ring Selection

O-ring selection is based on:

 Chemical compatibility
 Application temperature
 Hardness required
 Sealing pressure
 Type of sealing (static or dynamic)
 Lubrication requirements, quality, quantity and cost.

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 Sealing Principle

O-Ring seals by blocking any potential leak path of a

fluid (liquid or gas) between two closely spaced surfaces.
The O-Ring is usually installed in a machined groove in
one of the surfaces to be sealed. As the two surfaces are
brought together, they squeeze the cross-section of the
O-Ring. This results in a deformation of the O-Ring
cross-section. The greater the squeeze, the larger the
deformation.
O-Ring Deformation
in steps →
 Sealing in Low P Applications

In low pressure applications (in which the confined fluid

exerts little or no pressure on the O-Ring), the tendency
of the elastomer to maintain its original shape creates
the seal. As the O-Ring is deformed, when the mating
surfaces are brought together, it exerts a force against
the mating surfaces equal to the force necessary to
squeeze it.
Sealing is shown
in steps →
 Sealing in High P Applications

In applications in which higher pressure is exerted by the

confined fluid, the sealing action of the O-Ring caused
by the squeeze of its cross-section is augmented by fluid
pressure, transmitted through the elastomer. The O-Ring
is forced to the side of the groove, away from the
pressure. The elastomer exerts equal force in all
directions and is forced up to (but not into) the gap
between the mating surfaces.
 When pressure is released, the O-Ring returns to
approximately its original shape ready for the next
application of pressure. The O-Ring is also able to seal
in both directions.

If pressure exceeds the limits of the O-Ring, or if the

gap that the O-Ring must block is too large, the
elastomer will enter the narrow gap between the inner
and outer surfaces. This may result in extrusion failure,
causing the fluid to leak.
 O-Ring Materials

O-Rings are usually made up of elastomeric materials.

Elastomers are elastic materials i.e. they have the ability
to deform considerably under the application of force and
then snap back to almost their original shape when the
force is removed. Besides elastic recovery, the majority of
elastomers possess other useful properties, including:
 Resistance to fluids, chemicals, ozone, air, water and
steam.
 Good electrical and thermal insulation.
 Good mechanical properties like hardness, tensile
strength, elongation, tear strength etc.
 The capability of adhering to metals and plastics.
Elastomers are classified into groups as per IS0 1629 or
ASTM D 1418. Some of the elastomers along with their
trade and ISO name are given below:
 Various elastomers currently available for use in O-Rings
are given below:
BUNA-N (NBR): (-35°C to 110°C)
For use with:
 Ammonia & Ammonical water.
 Hydraulic & lubricating oils.
 Gasoline fuels.
 L.P gasses.
 Water & many other media.
 Used in P-4102, P-4103, P-4115 (Seat O-ring)
Not compatible with:
 Aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene) and strong
 Chlorinated hydrocarbons (trichloroethylene).
 Ozone, weather and atmospheric aging.
 FLUORO CARBON-VITON (FKM): (-15°C to 204°C)
For use with:
 Urea.
 Carbamate.
 Water.
 Oil & grease.
 Exceptional in vacuum applications when 100% virgin
fluoroelastomer is used.
 Used in P-4110, P-4116, Mech. Seal of P-4108.
Not compatible with:
 Glycol based brake fluids.
 Ammonia gas, amines, alkalis.
 Superheated steam.
Ethylene-Propylene(EPDM): (-55°C to +150°C)
For use with:
 Hot water and steam up to 150°C.
 Many organic and inorganic acids.
 Ozone, aging and weather resistant.
Not compatible with:
 Mineral oil products (oils, greases and fuels).
SILICONE (VMQ): (-60°C to 230°C)
For use with:
 Animal and vegetable oil and grease.
 High molecular weight chlorinated aromatic
hydrocarbons.
 Ozone, aging and weather.
Non compatible with:
 Superheated water steam over 121°C (250°F).
 Acids and alkalis.
CHLOROPRENE-NEOPRENE (CR): (-45°C to +100°C)
For use with:
 Silicone oil and grease.
 Water and water solvents at low temperatures.
 Refrigerants
 Ammonia
 Carbon dioxide
 Improved ozone, weathering and aging resistance compared with
nitrile.

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Not compatible with:
 Aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene).
 Chlorinated hydrocarbons (trichloroethylene).
 Polar solvents (ketones, esters, ethers).

PERFLUORELASTOMER-KALREZ (FFKM): (-30°C to 320°C)

Superior quality compound, combines chemical properties
of Teflon and mechanical properties of Viton. It currently
offers highest operating temperature range.
For use with:
 Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons.
 Chlorinated hydrocarbons.
 Polar solvents (ketones, esters, ethers).
 Inorganic and organic acids.

Not compatible with:
 Fluorinated refrigerants.
 Per fluorinated lubricants
TEFLON (PTFE): (-120°C to 260°C)
Resistant to virtually all types of chemical attack.
For use with:
 Chemicals.
 Heated water.
 Hydraulic and thermal fluids.
 Used in P-4103, 4108, 4109, 4115, 4117.

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Hydrogenated Nitrile (HNBR): (-48°C to 150°C)
Hydrogenated nitrile is a synthetic polymer that results
from the hydrogenation of nitrile rubber (NBR). Superior
mechanical characteristics, particularly high strength,
helps reduce extrusion and wear.
For use with:
 Vegetable and animal fats and oils.
 Dilute acids, bases and salt solutions at moderate
temperatures.
 Water and steam up to 150°C .
 Ozone, aging and weathering.
Not compatible with:
 Chlorinated hydrocarbons, polar solvents and strong
acids.
 O-Ring Sealing Applications

All O-Ring sealing applications can be classified as

either static or dynamic.
Static seals:
In a static application there is no relative motion between
parts of the groove which contact the O-Ring. Small
amounts of movement, caused by thermal expansion,
vibration, bolt stretch or O-Ring response to fluid
pressure, do not alter the static definition. Static seals
are often categorized according to the direction in which
compression is applied to the O-Ring cross-section.
There are two basic directions of compression: axial and
radial.
Static axial sealing →

Static Radial Sealing →

 Dynamic seals

In dynamic sealing applications there is relative

movement between the parts of the groove, i. e. O-Rings
are subject to a sliding action against the surface.
Dynamic sealing can be classified as:

Reciprocating sealing:
In this type of application, there is a relative reciprocating
(back and forth) motion along the shaft axis between the
inner and outer elements of the groove.
 Oscillating Sealing

In this application, the inner and outer components of the

groove move in an arc around the axis of the shaft, first
in one direction and then in the opposite direction,
usually intermittently, with no more than a few turns in
each direction.
 Sealing in Vacuum Applications

Fluorelastomers (FKM) are now the preferred material for

vacuum applications. Among the rubber polymers used
for seals, it has one of the lowest permeability rates for
gases.
The rate of the flow of gases from the pressure side to
the vacuum side of an elastomeric seal depends to a
great extent on how the seal is designed. Increased O-
Ring squeeze reduces permeability by increasing the
length of the path the gas has to travel (width of ring) and
by decreasing the area available for the entry of the gas
(groove depth). Increasing the squeeze also tends to
force the rubber into any small irregularities in the mating
metal surface, and thus prevents leakage around the
seal.
 Shore A Hardness

Hardness, as applied to elastomers, is defined as the

resistance of the surface to penetration by an intender of
specific dimensions under specified load.

The hardness scale ranges from 0 (softest) to 100

(hardest). Softer sealing materials, with lower hardness
readings, will flow more easily into the micro fine grooves
and imperfections of the mating parts (the gland, bore,
rod or seal flanges). This is particularly important in low-
pressure seals because they are not activated by fluid
pressure. The harder materials offer greater resistance
to flow and have a better resistance to extrusion.
Compounds which have a Shore A Durometer hardness
of 70 to 80 are the most suitable compromise for most
applications.
 Standard Size

The standard sizes used by FFC are defined by

Aerospace Standard AS568B, Aerospace Size Standard
for O-rings. Cross sections include 1.78mm, 2.62mm,
3.53mm,5.33mm and 6.99mm.

This system uses a dash no system for standard sizing

of o-rings. It’s a 3 digit no indicating the one particular
thickness and inside diameter. For example, dash no
230 indicates that this o-ring will be of thickness 3.53mm
and ID as 63.09mm in AS568B system.
Note: Sometimes Italian designation OR No may be
used for standard size o-ring. Each o-ring has one
particular OR NO.
 Coded O-Rings

O-Rings of material BUNA-N, Viton, Teflon, Silicon,

KALREZ, EP and Neoprene are available with thickness
1.78mm, 2.62mm, 3.53mm, 5.33mm and 6.99mm.
Construction
 MAINTENANCE PHILOSOPHY
1. Preventive Maintenance
– Develop Preventive Maintenance Plans on
the basis of Machine History.
– Implement those Plans & compare the
results with history.
– Oil / Grease replacement frequency should
be strictly followed as per manufacturer’s
recommendations.
– Correct amount of lubricant in bearing
housing should be ensured
 MAINTENANCE PHILOSOPHY

2. Predictive Maintenance:
– Monitor operating parameters including motor
amperage to check consistency of operation and/or
any change in the system.
– Develop “Condition Monitoring” plans i.e,
measurement of vibrations at a particular interval.
– Build your own database of pump’s noise and
vibrations by simply feeling with hands on regular
basis.
– Trending the data of parameters; vibration, noise,
etc. helps in depicting clear picture of pumps
behaviour.