Activity and Exercise Pattern
Objectives
At the completion of this unit learners will be able to:
1. Define terms mobility, joint mobility, body
alignments and body mechanics.
2. Discuss the benefits of activity and exercise.
3. Identify the principles of gravity that affects balance.
4. Discuss factors affecting mobility.
5. Discuss the effects of immobility on human body.
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Cont...
6. Review A&P of muscular skeletal system and
characteristics of normal movement.
7. Describe the impact of immobility on Physiologic and
Psychological functioning.
8. Apply nursing process while planning for the client
with altered muscular skeletal system.
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Activity –Exercise pattern
Refers to a person’s routine of exercise, activity ,leisure
and recreation. Includes :
a) ADL that requires energy such as dressing, cooking.
b) The type, quality and quantity of exercise
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Activity
Activity can be described as energetic action or as being
in a state of movement, people must move to obtain
food and water to protect them self from trauma and
to meet other basic needs.
Or
Bodily movements produced by skeletal muscles that
require energy expenditure and produces progressive
health benefits.
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KEY FACTS
• Insufficient physical activity is 1 of the 10 leading risk
factors for death worldwide.
• Insufficient physical activity is a key risk factor for
non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as
cardiovascular diseases, cancer and diabetes.
• Physical activity has significant health benefits and
contributes to prevent NCDs.
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KEY FACTS
• Globally, 1 in 4 adults is not active enough.
• More than 80% of the world's adolescent population is
insufficiently physically active.
• Policies to address insufficient physical activity are operational
in 56% of WHO Member States.
• WHO Member States have agreed to reduce insufficient
physical activity by 10% by 2025.
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WHAT IS PHYSICAL ACTIVITY?
• WHO defines physical activity as “any bodily movement
produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy
expenditure – including activities undertaken while
working, playing, carrying out household chores,
travelling, and engaging in recreational pursuits”.
• The term "physical activity" should not be confused with
"exercise", which is a subcategory of physical activity that
is planned, structured, repetitive, and aims to improve or
maintain one or more components of physical fitness.
Both, moderate and vigorous intensity physical activity
brings health benefits.
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Cont…
Exercise:
Is a type of physical activity defined as a planned,
structured, and repetitive bodily movement done
to improve or maintain one or more components
of physical fitness.
Or
It is physical activity for the purpose of conditioning the
body, improving health, and maintaining fitness or it
may be used as a therapeutic measure.
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Types of Physical Activity
Physical activities can be classified as
1) aerobic exercise or
2) anaerobic exercise.
Strengthening and endurance activities can be
further classified as
1) isometric exercise,
2) isotonic exercise, or
3) isokinetic exercise.
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Aerobic Exercise
Ongoing physical activity that raises your
breathing rate and heart rate is called aerobic
exercise
(ehr OH bik).
Aerobic exercises increase the amount of oxygen
that your body takes in and uses.
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Aerobic Exercise
• Examples: Swimming, running, brisk walking, and
cross-country skiing are all forms of aerobic
exercise.
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Anaerobic Exercise
Intense physical activity that lasts for a few
seconds to a few minutes is called anaerobic
exercise.
Most anaerobic exercises develop muscular
strength, muscular endurance, or flexibility.
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Anaerobic Exercise
• Examples: Lifting weights, doing push-ups, and
sprinting are examples of anaerobic activities.
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Isometric Exercise
Isometric exercise (eye suh MET rik) is an exercise in
which muscles contract but very little body
movement takes place.
If you do isometric exercises on a regular basis, the
muscles you use will become stronger.
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Isometric Exercise
Examples: planks, pushing against a wall, climbing,
mountain biking and motocross (grip and upper body
strength), Judo, wrestling, gymnastics and horseback
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Isotonic Exercise
Isotonic exercise (eye suh TAHN ik) involves
contracting and relaxing your muscles through
the full range of a joint’s motion.
Through repetition of isotonic exercises, you can
develop muscular strength and endurance.
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Isotonic Exercise
Examples: Pull-ups, exercises with free weights
(such as biceps curls, bench press, leg extensions,
incline press, squats)
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Isokinetic Exercise
In isokinetic exercise (eye soh ki NET ik) muscles
contract at a constant rate.
These exercises are often used as therapy to
rebuild muscle strength after an injury.
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Isokinetic Exercise
Examples: fitness machines (stationary bike,
bench press machine)
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Cont…
Activity tolerance :
It is the type and amount of exercise or daily
living activities, an individual is able to perform
without any adverse effects.
A program of regular physical activity and exercise
promotes physical and psychological health. It is also
essential treatment modality for chronic illness.
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Cont…
Mobility
•The ability to move or perform any activity.
Range of Motion
• The range of motion of the joint is the maximum
movement that is possible for that joint.
Joint Mobility is defined as the degree to which an
articulation (where two bones meet) can move before
being restricted by surrounding tissues
(ligaments/tendons/muscles etc.).
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Cont.…
Body Alignment
Relation ship of one body part to another.
Body Alignment refers to how the head, shoulders, spine,
hips, knees and ankles relate and line up with each other.
It is the geometric arrangement of body parts in relation
to each other. Good alignment promotes optimal balance
and maximal body function.
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Cont..
Proper standing body alignment (as noted in Figure) is
characterized by the following:
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Body Mechanics
Efficient, coordinated and safe use of the body to produce
motion and maintain balance during activity.
Involves:
1. Body alignment (Posture)
2. Balance (stability)
3. Coordinated body movement
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Principles of Body Mechanics
• Asses the load
• Facing the direction of work reduces the chance of injury
• Keep back straight.
• Holding an object close to the body requires less energy
than holding it farther away.
• Don’t twist
• Push or pull rather than lift
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Factors affecting Body Alignment &
Activity
• Growth and Development
• Physical Health
• Mental Health
• Nutrition
• Personal Values and Attitudes
• Other Factors
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Benefits of
Exercise
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Psychoneurologic System
Integumentory System 1) Produces a sense of well being
2) Improves self esteem
1) Maintains skin integrity
3) Increase energy level to perform
2) Prevents pressure ulcers
ADL
Respiratory System
1) Increased Ventilation
2) Prevents pooling of
Cardiovascular System secretions.
1) Strengthen heart muscles &
blood supply to heart
2) Increase cardiac output
Metabolic System
1) Increases metabolic rate
Gastrointestinal 2) Increase use of fatty acids
System which reduces serum
1) Improves appetite, cholesterol
digestion & elimination
Urinary System
Muscularskeleton System 1) Prevent urinary stasis
1) Muscles strength, joint flexibility
& ROM increases
2) Bone Density is maintained
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Benefits of Exercise
Psychological Benefits
During continuous exercise, your brain releases
endorphins, chemicals that block pain messages
from reaching your brain cells.
People who exercise regularly are likely to be more
self-confident and focused.
People who exercise regularly typically have
reduced stress levels.
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Social Benefits
• Exercise is also an opportunity to have fun.
• Physical activity can be a way to bond with family
and friends.
• Physical activity can build new relationships.
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Effects of Immobility
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Psychoneurologic System
Integumentory System 1) ADL
1) Reduced Skin turgor 2) Self esteem
2) Skin breakdown 3) Impair Social Development
Cardiovascular System Respiratory System
1) Cardiac workload 1) Respiratory system
2) Orthostatic Hypotension 2) Pooling of secretions
3) Edema 3) Atelactasis
4) Thrombus formation 4) Hypostatic Pneumonia
Metabolic System
1) Metabolic Rate
Gastrointestinal 2) Anorexia
System 3) Negative Calcium balance
1) Decreased digestion
2) Constipation
Urinary System
Muscularskeleton System 1) Urinary stasis
1) Disuse Osteoporosis 2) Renal calculi
2) Disuse Atrophy 3) Urinary retention
3) Contractures 4) Urinary infection
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4) Stiffness & Pain Effects of Immobility
Nursing Process
• Assessment: (activity level, mobility problems,
exercise and fitness goals). Assess gait,
alignment, muscle mass and tone.
• Diagnoses: Activity Intolerance, Impaired
Physical mobility, Self-Care deficit, Impaired Skin
integrity, Altered urinary elimination, Risk for
injury (orthostatic hypotension), Ineffective
breathing pattern.
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Nursing Process (Cont,…)
• Planning: Identify clients in need of assistance.
• Implementation: positioning (semi-fowlers etc),
transferring, ROM exercises, moving and turning
in bed.
• Evaluation: Have the goals been met? If not
modify care plan.
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