Solubility

Solubility is
• the maximum amount of solute that
dissolves in a specific amount of solvent
• expressed as grams of solute in 100 grams
of solvent (usually water):
g of solute
100 g water

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 Unsaturated Solutions
Unsaturated solutions
• contain less than the
maximum amount of
solute
• can dissolve more Dissolved
solute
solute

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 Saturated Solutions
Saturated solutions
contain
• the maximum
amount of solute that
can dissolve
Dissolved
• some undissolved solute
solute at the bottom
Undissolved
of the container solute

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 Learning Check
At 40 C, the solubility of KBr is 80 g/100 g of
H2O.
Identify the following solutions as either (S)
saturated or (U) unsaturated. Explain.
A. 60 g KBr added to 100 g of water at 40 C.
B. 200 g KBr added to 200 g of water at 40 C.
C. 25 g KBr added to 50 g of water at 40 C.

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 Solution
A. U 60 g of KBr/100 g of water is less than the
solubility of 80 g of KBr/100 g of water.
B. S 200 g KBr added to 200 g of water at 40 C. This is
the same as 100 g of KBr in 100 g of
water, which is more than the solubility of 80 g
of KBr/100 g of water at 40 C.
C. U 25 g KBr added to 50 g of water at 40 C. This is
the same as 50 g of KBr in 100 g of water, which is less
than the solubility of 80 g of KBr/100 g of water at 40
C.

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 Effect of Temperature on Solubility

Solubility
• depends on
temperature
• of most solids
increases as
temperature increases
• of gases decreases as
temperature increases

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 Solubility and Pressure
Henry’s law states:
• the solubility of a
gas in a liquid is
directly related to
the pressure of that
gas above the liquid
• at higher pressures,
more gas molecules
dissolve in the liquid

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 Learning Check
A. Why could a bottle of carbonated drink
possibly burst (explode) when it is left out
in the hot sun?

B. Why do fish die in water that is too

warm?

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 Solution
A. Why could a bottle of carbonated drink possibly burst
(explode) when it is left out in the hot sun?
The pressure in a bottle increases as the gas leaves
solution as it becomes less soluble at high
temperatures. As pressure increases, the bottle could
burst.

B. Why do fish die in water that is too warm?

Because O2 gas is less soluble in warm water, fish cannot
obtain enough O2 to survive.

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 Soluble and Insoluble Salts
Ionic compounds
that
• dissolve in water
are soluble salts
• do not dissolve in
water are
insoluble salts

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 Solubility Rules
• Soluble salts typically contain at least one
ion from Groups 1A(1), NO3−, or C2H3O2−
(acetate).
• Most other combinations are insoluble.

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Examples of Using the Solubility Rules

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 Learning Check
Use the solubility rules to determine if each
salt is
(S) soluble or (I) insoluble. Explain.
A. Na2SO4
B. MgCO3
C. PbCl2
D. MgCl2

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 Solution
A. Na2SO4 (S) soluble; contains Na+
B. MgCO3 (I) insoluble; contains carbonates
C. PbCl2 (I) insoluble; insoluble chloride
D. MgCl2 (S) soluble; only chlorides of Pb2+,
Ag+,
and Hg22+ are insoluble

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 Formation of a Solid
When solutions of salts are mixed, a solid forms if ions
of an insoluble salt are present

Example:
AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)
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 Equations for Forming Solids
A full equation shows the formulas of the compounds.
Pb(NO3)(aq) + 2NaCl(aq) PbCl2(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)

An ionic equation shows the ions of the compounds.

Pb2+(aq) + 2NO3−(aq) + 2Na+(aq) + 2Cl−(aq)
PbCl2(s) + 2Na+(aq) + 2NO3−(aq)

A net ionic equation shows only the ions that form a solid.
Pb2+(aq) + 2Cl−(aq) PbCl2(s)

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Guide to Writing New Ionic Equations for an
Insoluble Salt

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 Finding the Insoluble Salt
STEP 1 Write the ions of the reactants.
Ba2+(aq) + 2NO3−(aq) + 2Na+(aq) + CO32−(aq)
STEP 2 Write the new combinations of the ions and
determine if an insoluble salt forms.
BaCO3(s) + 2Na+(aq) + 2NO3−(aq)
STEP 3 Write the ionic equation, including the insoluble
salt as a solid in the products.
Ba2+(aq) + 2NO3−(aq) + 2Na+(aq) + CO32 −(aq) BaCO3(s) + 2NO3−(aq) + 2Na+(aq)
STEP 4 Write the net ionic equation deleting spectator
ions. Ba (aq) + CO (aq) BaCO (s)
2+
3
2−
3

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 Learning Check
Write the formula of an insoluble salt, if any, and
the net
ionic equation for each of the following mixtures:
A. BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) ?
B. AgNO3(aq) + KCl(aq) ?
C. KNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) ?

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 Solution
A. BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) ?
BaSO4(s)
Ba2+(aq) + SO42−(aq) BaSO4(s)

B. AgNO3(aq) + KCl(aq) ?
AgCl(s)
Ag+(aq) + Cl−(aq) AgCl(s)

C. KNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) ?
None; all combinations of ions are soluble salts.
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Equilibria of Slightly Soluble Ionic Compounds
Any “insoluble” ionic compound is actually slightly
soluble in aqueous solution.
We assume that the very small amount of such a compound that
dissolves will dissociate completely.

For a slightly soluble ionic compound in water, equilibrium

exists between solid solute and aqueous ions.
PbF2(s) Pb2+(aq) + 2F-(aq)

[Pb2+][F-]2 Ksp = Kc[PbF2] = [Pb2+][F-]2

Kc =
[PbF2]

From Chemistry: The molecular nature of

matter and change (7th ed.), by M. S.
Silberberg, and P. Amateis, 2015,
21
Instructor’s Resource. Copyright 2015 by
 Ksp

When a solution is saturated, the system is at

equilibrium, and Ksp, the solubility product constant,
for any slightly soluble compound MpXq, which consists
of ions Mn+ and Xz-,

Ksp = [Mn+]p[Xz-]q

The Ksp value of a salt indicates how far the dissolution

proceeds at equilibrium (saturation).
From Chemistry: The molecular nature of matter and change (7th ed.), by M. S. Silberberg, and P. Amateis,
2015, Instructor’s Resource. Copyright 2015 by McGraw-Hill. 22
/
 Sample Problem 19.5 Writing Ion-Product Expressions

PROBLEM: Write the ion-product expression at equilibrium for each

compound:
(a) magnesium carbonate (b) iron(II) hydroxide
(c) calcium phosphate (d) silver sulfide
PLAN: We write an equation for a saturated solution of each
compound, and then write the ion-product expression at
equilibrium, Ksp. Note the sulfide in part (d).
SOLUTION:
(a) MgCO3(s) Mg2+(aq) + CO32-(aq) Ksp = [Mg2+][CO32-]

(b) Fe(OH)2(s) Fe2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) Ksp = [Fe2+][OH-]2

(c) Ca3(PO4)2(s) 3Ca2+(aq) + 2PO43-(aq) Ksp = [Ca2+]3[PO43-]2

From Chemistry: The molecular nature of matter and change (7th ed.), by M. S. Silberberg, and P. Amateis, 2015, Instructor’s
23
Resource. Copyright 2015 by McGraw-Hill.
 Predicting the Formation of a Precipitate
Let Qsp be the ‘trial ionic product’ for a system not
necessarily at equilibrium. (It is actually called the ‘reaction quotient’)
When two solutions containing the ions of slightly soluble
salts are mixed,
If Qsp = Ksp,
the solution is saturated and no change will occur.
If Qsp > Ksp,
a precipitate will form until the remaining solution is saturated.
If Qsp < Ksp,
no precipitate will form because the solution is unsaturated.

From Chemistry: The molecular nature of matter and change (7th ed.), by M. S. Silberberg, and P. Amateis, 2015,
24
Instructor’s Resource. Copyright 2015 by McGraw-Hill.
Sample Problem 19.10 Predicting Whether a Precipitate Will
Form
PROBLEM: A common laboratory method for preparing a precipitate is
to mix solutions containing the component ions. Does a
precipitate form when 0.100 L of 0.30 M Ca(NO3)2 is mixed
with 0.200 L of 0.060 M NaF?

PLAN: First we need to decide which slightly soluble salt could form,
look up its Ksp value in Appendix C, and write the dissolution
equation and Ksp expression. We find the initial ion
concentrations from the given volumes and molarities of the
two solutions, calculate the value for Qsp and compare it to Ksp.
SOLUTION:
The ions present are Ca2+, NO3-, Na+, and F-. All Na+ and NO3- salts are
soluble, so the only possible precipitate is CaF2 (Ksp = 3.2x10-11).
CaF2(s) Ca2+(aq) + 2F-(aq) Ksp = [Ca2+][F-]2
From Chemistry: The molecular nature of matter and change (7th ed.), by M. S. Silberberg, and P. Amateis, 2015,
Instructor’s Resource. Copyright 2015 by McGraw-Hill. 25
/
 Sample Problem 19.10

Ca(NO3)2 and NaF are soluble, and dissociate completely in solution.

We need to calculate [Ca2+] and [F-] in the final solution.

Amount (mol) of Ca2+ = 0.30 M Ca2+ x 0.100 L = 0.030 mol Ca2+.

[Ca ]init =
2+ 0.030 mol Ca 2+
= 0.10 M Ca2+
0.100 L + 0.200 L

Amount (mol) of F- = 0.060 M F- x 0.200 L = 0.012 mol F-.

[F ]init =
- 0.012 mol F- = 0.040 M F-
0.100 L + 0.200 L
Qsp = [Ca2+]init[F-]2init = (0.10)(0.040)2 = 1.6x10-4

Since Qsp > Ksp, CaF2 will precipitate until Qsp = 3.2x10-11.

From Chemistry: The molecular nature of matter and change (7th ed.), by M. S. Silberberg, and P. Amateis, 2015, Instructor’s
Resource. Copyright 2015 by McGraw-Hill. 26