Fourier Series

Using Differential Equation

Instructor: Mr. Zulfiqar Omer

 Group Members

Malaika Basharat Muhammad Hassan

(20021519-004) (20021519-110)

Abdul Rehman Muhammad

(20021519-101) Umar
(20021519-139)
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

01 03
Introduction to Fourier sine
Fourier Series 02 Series and 04
Example
Applications Fourier cosine
and uses series and
Example
 01
Introduction
Muhammad Hassan (20021519-110)
Fourier Series
o Fourier series was introduced in the early 1800s and the
series was named after the mathematician Joseph Fourier.

o Fourier series is a kind of expansion and it is used for

periodic signals to expand into a sum of set of simple
oscillating functions.

o Fourier series is used for design and analysis purpose of a

function.
Type of Signals
Periodic signals: Periodic signals are the type of signals in
which after some interval the values start repeating.

It further has two types

1: Continuous Time Fourier Series.
2: Discrete Time Fourier Series.
Type of Signals
Non-Periodic Signals: Any signal that does not repeat itself after any
period of time however large that period may be is known as a non-
periodic signal. These type of signals are also known as Real Life
Signals.

It also has two further types.

1: Continuous Time Fourier Transformation.
2: Discrete Time Fourier Transformation.
Conditions For Fourier Series
To Apply
o The function f(x) is periodic.

o The function f(x) should be integrable at a finite single value.

o The function f(x) should be bounded and if it is

discontinuous then the points of discontinuity should be
finite.

o The function f(x) should have a finite maximum and

minimum.
Formula For Fourier Series

( )
𝑎0 ∞ 𝑛𝜋 𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos +𝑏 𝑛 sin
2 𝑛=1 𝐿 𝐿
 02
Application & uses of
Fourier series
Abdul Rehman (20021519-101)
Signal Processing
One of the most common applications of Fourier series is in signal processing,
where it is used to analyze and manipulate different types of signals. Signals,
such as audio, video, and data signals, can be decomposed into a sum of sine
and cosine waves of different frequencies, which allows for the analysis and
manipulation of different frequency components of the signal.

 Discrete-time Fourier Transform

 Fast Fourier Transform
 Inverse Fourier Transform
Electrical engineering:
Fourier series is widely used in electrical
engineering for the analysis of circuits and
signals. It is used to analyze and design
filters, amplifiers, and other electronic
components. It is also used to represent
periodic signals in terms of their harmonic
components, which is important in
understanding the behavior of periodic
signals in electrical systems.
Mathematics:
The Fourier series has important
applications in pure mathematics,
particularly in the study of partial
differential equations. It is used to solve
partial differential equations, which arise
in many areas of science and engineering.
Physics:
Fourier series is widely used in physics
for the analysis of periodic phenomena. It
is used to analyze and model various
physical phenomena such as sound waves,
electromagnetic waves, and quantum
systems
Image processing:
Fourier series is also used in image processing to
analyze and manipulate images. Images can be
represented as 2D signals, and Fourier series can
be used to analyze the frequency components of
these signals. This allows for the manipulation
of specific frequency components, which can be
useful for tasks such as image enhancement and
compression.
Economics
Fourier series is used in economics to
analyze and model economic data. It is
used to decompose time series data into
its underlying frequency components,
which can be useful for forecasting and
trend analysis.
 03
Fourier Sine Series
Malaika Basharat (20021519-004)
Even Function
y

e.g.
Odd Function
y

e.g.
Fourier Sine Series
( )
𝑎0 ∞ 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos +𝑏 𝑛 sin
2 𝑛=1 𝐿 𝐿

𝐿
Where,
1 𝑛𝜋 𝑥
𝑎 𝑛=
𝐿
∫ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) cos
𝐿
ⅆ𝑥
−𝐿

𝐿
1 𝑛𝜋 𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) sin ⅆ𝑥
𝐿 −𝐿 𝐿
 Formula:
If f(x) is odd, we will use sine series

( )
∞
𝑛𝜋 𝑥
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin
𝑛=1 𝐿

𝐿
2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) sin ⅆ𝑥
𝐿0 𝐿

𝑎 𝑛= 0
Find Fourier sine series of f(x) = x + 2 on [ 0 , 5 ] .
𝐿
2 𝑛𝜋 𝑥
( )
∞
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) sin 𝑛𝜋 𝑥
ⅆ𝑥 & 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin
𝐿0 𝐿 𝑛=1 𝐿
5
2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ ( 𝑥+2 ) sin ⅆ𝑥
50 5

+ Diff. Integration
-

+ x+2
+
- 1

+ 0
Find Fourier sine series of f(x) = x + 2 on [ 0 , 5 ] . (cont.)

+
𝑛
→{sin ( 𝑛 𝜋 ) =𝑂 𝜉 cos ( 𝑛 𝜋 )= ( −1 ) }

𝑏𝑛 = 7
(
2 −5
5 𝑛𝜋
( −1 )𝑛 − 2
−5
𝑛𝜋 ( ))
−14 4
𝑏𝑛 = ( −1 )𝑛 +
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋

So, f(x) for sine series will be :

( )
∞
−14 4 𝑛𝜋 𝑥
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= ∑
𝑛
( −1 ) + sin
𝑛=1 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 5
 04
Fourier Cosine Series
Muhammad Umar (20021519-139)
Fourier Cosine Series
( )
𝑎0 ∞ 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos +𝑏 𝑛 sin
2 𝑛=1 𝐿 𝐿

𝐿
Where,
1 𝑛𝜋 𝑥
𝑎 𝑛=
𝐿
∫ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) cos
𝐿
ⅆ𝑥
−𝐿

𝐿
1 𝑛𝜋 𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) sin ⅆ𝑥
𝐿 −𝐿 𝐿
 Formula:
If f(x) is even, we will use cos series

( )
𝑎0 ∞ 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos ------- (1)
2 𝑛=1 𝐿

𝐿
2 𝑛𝜋 𝑥
𝑎𝑛= ∫ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) cos ⅆ𝑥
𝐿0 𝐿

𝑏𝑛 = 0
Find Fourier cosine series of f(x) = x + 2 on [ 0 , 5 ] .
5
2
𝑎𝑜= ∫ ( 𝑥 +2 ) ⅆ 𝑥
50

)|
5

𝑎 𝑜=
5 2 (
2 1 2
𝑥 +2 𝑥
0

)|
5

5 (
1 2 4
𝑎 𝑜= 𝑥 + 𝑥
5 0

𝑎 𝑜= 9
Then :
5
2 𝑛𝜋 𝑥
𝑎𝑛= ∫ ( 𝑥+2 ) cos ⅆ𝑥 + Diff. Integration

50 5 -

+ x+2
+
- 1

( )
2 5
2
𝑛 5
2 + 0
𝑎 𝑛= ( − 1 ) −
5 𝑛2 𝜋 2 2
𝑛 𝜋
2

10 𝑛
𝑎 𝑛= ( ( − 1 ) − 1) ------- (2)
2
𝑛 𝜋
2 +

Then the eq (1) f(x) will be :

( )
∞
𝟗 𝟏𝟎 𝒏𝝅𝒙
𝒇 ( 𝒙 )= + ∑ 𝟐 𝟐 ( ( − 𝟏 ) − 𝟏) ¿ 𝐜𝐨𝐬
𝒏

𝟐 𝒏=𝟏 𝒏 𝝅 𝟓
Thank You!