UNDERSTANDING CULTURE,

SOCIETY & POLITICS

The Nature and Goals of
Anthropology, Sociology
and Political Science
(UCSP11/12SPUIb -5)
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
1.identify the nature of Anthropology, Sociology and Political
Science;
2.know the goals of Anthropology, Sociology and Political
Science.
 WHAT I KNOW (PRETEST)
This activity will enable you to assess your prior
knowledge from the topic that will be discussed in
this lesson.
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer and write your
answer in your activity notebook.

1. It defines how people relate to nature and their physical

environment.
A. Politics B. Anthropology C. Culture D. Sociology
2. It always describes human, human behavior and human societies
around the world.
A. Sociology B. Anthropology C. Political Science D. Culture
3. It is a social science that deals with humans and their interactions.
A. Sociology B. Anthropology C. Political Science D. Culture
4. It is the study of human social relationships and institutions.
A. Politics B. Anthropology C. Culture D. Sociology

5. It is a state or habit of mind in which trust or confidence is placed

in some person or thing.
A. Beliefs B. Customs C. Traditions D. Norms

6. This term means scientific study of man or human beings.

A. Politics B. Anthropology C. Culture D. Sociology
7. It refers to a theoretical foundation of contemporary anthropology.
A. Nature of politics C. Nature of culture
B. Nature of anthropology D. Nature of sociology
8. It attempts to explain how the social world operates.
A. Political theory C. Anthropological theory
B. Sociological theory D. Cultural theory

9. It is used to analyze and explain objects of social study, and facilitate

organizing sociological knowledge.
A. Theoretical perspective C. Cultural perspective
B. Conflict perspective D. Functionalist perspective
10. It sees social life as a competition, and focuses on the distribution of
resources, power, and inequality.
A. Theoretical perspective C. Cultural perspective
B. Conflict perspective D. Functionalist perspective
 ANTHROPOLOGY AND CULTURE

The Origin of Anthropology

The word anthropology dates back to the late 16th century, but it was
not until the 19th century it was applied to the academic discipline that now
bears its name

Etymological Definition
Anthropology is from the New Latin word antropologia (“the study of
humanity”) and shares its ultimate root in Greek, Anthropos (“human being”)
and logos (study), with a number of other words in English, such as
anthropomorphize, philanthropy, and misanthrope
Anthropology
 Branch of knowledge which deals with the scientific study
of man, his works, body, behavior and values within a
specific time and space.
 The study of human beings and their ancestors through
time and space and in relation to physical character,
environmental and social relations, and culture.
 The study of people throughout the world, their
evolutionary history, how they behave, adapt to different
environments, communicate and socialize with one another.
 The scientific study of the origin, the behavior, and the
physical, social, and cultural developments of humans.

 The science that deals with the origins, physical and cultural
development, biological characteristics, and social customs
and beliefs of human kind.

 The science of human and their works

 Anthropology relates to sociology, it always describes
human, human behaviour and human societies around the
world. It is a comparative science that examines all societies.
The term anthropology means scientific study of man or
human beings.
 Four Fields of Anthropology
Subfield Interest Data

Cultural Culture: shared, learned, Behavior

dynamic, adaptive, integrated, Ideas
ideational

Human evolution and variation Bodies

Biological/Physical Genes/DNA

Linguistic Language (verbal and non- Sounds, words, grammar,

verbal), communication movement, gestures,
expressions

Archeology Cultural change over time Artifacts

Material culture
CULTURE
“… that complex whole which encompasses beliefs, practices,
values, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts, symbols, knowledge, and
everything that a person learns and shares as a member of society.”
(E.B. Tylor 1920 [1871]

 Culture includes religion, food, what to wear, how we wear

it, our language (Mother Tongue), marriage, music and arts,
what we believe what is right and /or wrong, how we sit at
the table, how we greet visitors or elders, how we believe
with the one’s and many more.
 SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIETY
The Origin Society
The term sociology was coined by Auguste Comte in the early
nineteenth century although the study of society as an historical
and empirical object had begun much earlier, especially in
eighteenth-century France and Scotland. The development of
sociology as a discipline emerged in 19th century in response to
modernity.
Etymological Definition
• “socius” (Latin) = “group/partners”
• “logos” (Greek) = “study”
Sociology
The systematic study of human society and social
interaction.
A social science that studies human societies, their
interactions, and the processes that preserve and change
them.
Studies social or stratification, social movements, and
social change, as well as societal disorder in the form of
crime, deviance, and revolution.
Applies both theoretical perspective and research
methods to examination of social behavior
 It is the study of human social relationships and institutions.
Sociology’s subject matter is diverse, ranging from crime to
religion, from the family to the state, from the divisions of race and
social class to the shared beliefs of a common culture, and from
social stability to radical change in whole societies. The purpose of
sociology is to understand how human action and consciousness
both shape and are shaped by surrounding cultural and social
structures.
Example:

The problem/s or issues that we are facing today.

You can get some ideas or responses from the
experts to support your answer. Then how are you
going to solve it by using the different research
methods like survey research, field research,
experiments and so on.
Society
A large social grouping that shares the same geographical
territory and is subject to the same political authority and
dominant cultural expectation.
• Political authority is the power held by a political entity
to require action and claim obedience to its rule.
Example:
President Duterte declared emergency power like
“lockdown” due to a pandemic or health crisis.
• Dominant cultural expectations are the group
whose members are in the majority or who wield
more power than the other groups. Examples:

We are all Filipino and we are bound to our own

cultural values like “kissing of hands to the elders”.
 POLITICAL SCIENCE AND POLITICS

The Origin of Political Science

Political Science originated with the ancient Greek in the

first century BCE. During this time, the philosopher Plato wrote
numerous dialogues about politics, asking about the nature of
justice, what constitutes good government, and what is truly
best for humanity.
Etymological Definition

The word politics has its origin in Ancient Greece. All cities
in Greece like Athens, Sparta and Corinth, were referred to as
city-state.
“POLIS”, Greek word – a city or sovereign state
Latin: “POLTICUS” was an adjective that was used to describe
anything “of the state”.
“SCIRE” came from the science which means to know
Political Science
Deals with the foundations of the state and the principles of
the government.
It primarily studies the concept of power and state
Is a Social Science discipline regarding the practice and
theory of politics, the analysis of the political systems,
and the study of political behavior.
As the analysis of the state and the relations people have
with the government.
 Is the study of POLITICS
 Perspectives of Anthropology,
Sociology and Political Science
(UCSPC11DCS-Ic6)

We have to establish the interconnections of

anthropology, sociology and political science if
we are to acquire the critical perspective
needed for the better understanding of the
human social life.
Anthropological perspectives are culture, cultural relativism, fieldwork, human diversity,
holism, bio-cultural focus. The four main perspectives of Anthropology are the cross-cultural or
comparative emphasis, its evolutionary/historical emphasis, its ecological emphasis, and its
holistic emphasis (Dudgeon). An example for this is the analysis and solutions of the different
aspects of the society such as the environment issues of pollution, the issues on health and
medicine and other issues related to the human activities.
Sociological perspective introduces the discipline of sociology, including something
about its history, questions, theory, and scientific methods, and what distinguishes it from
other social science disciplines. Central features include social interaction and relationships,
social contexts, social structure, social change, the significance of diversity and human
variation, and the critical, questioning character of sociology. It also explores what
sociologists do.
Political science perspective studies the tendencies and actions of people which cannot
be easily quantified or examined. Political science is more focused than most social sciences. It
sticks to the political arena and to the realm of politics, either dealing with situations with two
competing sides or the lateral decisions that affect the group as a whole. An example is the
study of democracy as a form of government and why is democracy considered as the best
form of government.
Sociology includes three major theoretical perspectives:
1. the functionalist perspective;
2. the conflict perspective; and
3. the symbolic interaction perspective.
Theoretical perspective is used to analyze and explain objects of
social study, and facilitate organizing sociological knowledge. In
functionalist perspective, societies are thought to function like
organisms, with various social institutions working together like
organs to maintain and reproduce societies. The conflict perspective
sees social life as a competition, and focuses on the distribution of
resources, power, and inequality.
STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONALISM
Society is stable, orderly system
A function to each organ, and each organ to its own function,
is the law of all organization. (Spencer, 1851)
Society has various interconnected parts (social
institutions) that have their own particular functions.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS Larger formal organizations with
a set of organized beliefs and rules that establishes how
society will attempt to meet its basic social needs.
(Kendall, 2012)
FUNCTIONS
• Manifest (MF)
 Predicted, intended, expected effect
 Ex. KCC – sell goods and services to shoppers

• Latent (LF)
 Unintended, hidden effect from MF
 Ex. KCC – provides an area where people can eat, visit friends

Progress Questions: Which issues in Philippines society can we apply the

structural functionalist perspective?
CONFLICT THEORY/ PERSPECTIVE
 It is a theory that society is in a state of perpetual conflict because of
competition for limited resources.
 It holds that social order is maintained by domination and power, rather
than by consensus and conformity
 According to conflict theory, those with wealth and power try to hold
on to it by any means possible, chiefly by suppressing the poor and
powerless
A basic premise of conflict theory is that individuals and groups
within society will work to try to maximize their own wealth and
power. (Karl Marx).
In summary, groups in society are engaged in a continuous
power struggle for control of scarce
The Development of Conflict Perspective
• By the end of the 19th century, the primary source of living had
shifted from farming or agriculture to mass production in
factories.
• The introduction of machines enabled rapid advancements in
the production process which allowed faster market trade and
consumptions of goods.
• The development provided factory owners with profits that
enabled them to invest in factory expansion –industrial
capitalism.
• Marx’s version of conflict theory focused on the conflict
between primary classes.

o Bourgeosie or Capitalist Class – Own and control

the means of production its a group of people that
represent members of society who hold the majority of
the wealth and means.

o Proletariat or Working Class – Own and control the

means of production its a group of people that
represent members of society who hold the majority of
the wealth and means.
• German social scientist Max Weber (VAY-ber) added power
and prestige as the scarce resources that groups vie to take
control.
o Power = the ability of a person to carry out his or her own will
despite resistance form others.
o Prestige = positive or negative social estimation of honor.
 Conflict
Perspective

Socio- Gender
Economic class Racial-ethnic

Bourgeosis v Dominant
Proletariat Tribe/s v Male v Female
Minority tribe/s
Questions:
1. How do you find the activity?
2. What are the important details you find out about the topic?
Activity 4. My Own Collage

Directions: Using various materials like pictures in magazines,

newspapers and brochures. Create a collage that reflects your
understanding of anthropology, sociology and political science. Use
illustration board 1/8 in size.
 Analyze the Concept,
Aspects and Changes of
Culture and Society
(UCSP11/12DCSIc-8)
 WHAT I KNOW (PRETEST)
This activity will enable you to assess your prior knowledge
from the topic that will be discussed in this lesson.
Directions: Encircle the letter of the best answer.

1. It is the ability to understand a culture on its own terms and not to

make judgments using the standards of one's own culture.
A. Sociological view B. Culture C. Cultural relativism D. Society

2. It refers to a group or community which shares common experiences

that shapes the way its members understand the world.
A. Politics B. Society C. Political Science D. Culture
3. It is anything that is used to stand for something else.
A. Symbols B. Norms C. Artifacts D. Language

4. Refers to a system of words and symbols used to communicate

with other people.
A. Symbols B. Norms C. Artifacts D. Language

5. It refers to valuable tools for exploring the past and

using them to understand the past.
A. Values B. Norms C. Artifacts D. Language
6. These are rules or expectations of behaviour and thoughts based
on shared beliefs within a specific cultural or social group.
A. Values B. Norms C. Artifacts D. Language

7. Refers to all alterations affecting new traits or trait complexes

and changes in a cultures content and structure.
A. Cultural change
B. Social change
C. Political change
D. Sociological change
8. A variations or modifications in the patterns of social
organization of sub groups within society.
A. Cultural change
B. Social change
C. Political change
D. Sociological
9. Cultural relativism teaches us that, marriage patterns
are__________, not objective truth.
A. Social option
B. Political option
C. Cultural option
D. Socio-cultural option
10. It is a person's principles or standards of behaviour.
A. Values B. Norms C. Artifacts D. Language
 
ANSWER ANSWER
KEY
1. SOCIETY OR POLITICS
2. POLITICS OR CULTURE
3. SOCIETY OR POLITICS
4. CULTURE
5. SOCIETY
6. SOCIETY
7. SOCIETY
8. CULTURE
9. CULTURE
10.POLITICS
What’s In
People differ from each other, despite from the
emergence of the idea of one global society. These
variations of differences includes cultural diversity,
social difference, and political identities. This time, we
will analyze some of the social, political and cultural
change that is happening in our society today.
Activity 1. What I Think About This
Directions: List down your observation
about the given picture below. Write your
observations.
What Is It
What have you noticed on the pictures above? These have
something to do with culture.
❖ Culture refers to a group or community which shares
common experiences that shape the way its members
understand the world. It includes groups that we are born
into, such as race, national origin, gender, class, or religion. It
can also include a group we join or become part of.
❖ Culture is a strong part of people's lives. It influences their
views, values, humor, hopes, loyalties, worries and fears. It
helps to have some perspective and understanding of their
cultures.
❖ Culture and society defined, culture consists of the
beliefs, behaviors, objects, and other characteristics
common to the members of a particular group or
society.
❖ Through culture, people and groups define
themselves, conform to society's shared values, and
contribute to society.
❖ The major elements of culture are symbols,
language, norms, values, and artifacts.
1. A symbol is anything that is used to stand for something else.
People who share a culture often attach a specific meaning to an object,
gesture, sound, or image. For example, a cross is a significant symbol to
Christians. It is not simply two pieces of wood attached to each other, nor
is it just an old object of torture and execution. To Christians, it
represents the basis of their entire religion, and they have great
reverence for the symbol.

2. Language is a system of words and symbols used to communicate with

other people. This includes full languages as we usually think of them, such
as English, Spanish, French, etc. but, it also includes body language, slang,
and common phrases that are unique to certain groups of people.
3. Systems of values are culturally defined
standards for what is good or desirable. Members of
the culture use the shared system of values to
decide what is good and what is bad.
 Changes in our society are evident today. The way our
ancestors lived in the past was too way different from our ways
in the present. The rise of science through innovation, invention
and new discovery brought so much change to how people live
their lives today. Social science in its broadest sense, study the
society and the manner in which people behave and influence
the world around us. That is how people interact with each
other, behave, develop as a culture, and influence the world.
SOCIAL CHANGE denotes to any substantial transformation of
behavioral patterns, values and social norms over time. There are
several and wide-ranging causes of social change. The common
causes of social change as acknowledged by social scientists
includes; technology, population, and environment.

1. Technology – Nowadays, technologies are very beneficial to human

being and it shaped changes in our lives today. Gearing towards 21st
century, numerous innovations were made. Examples for technology
inventions are advances in the field of communication, transportation,
devices, appliances, infrastructures and agricultural technology.
Indeed, we cannot deny the fact that technology has impacted all
aspects of modern life.
2. Population – The composition of population is changing at every
level of society over time and space. The births increase and
decrease contributes to how society changes. The population
trends have an incredible interconnected impact on all aspects of
society around the world.
 
3. Environment - The natural disasters is considered one that
contributes social change. It changes the physical, social, and
economic landscape of humanity. As human populations expand its
territories to move into more vulnerable areas, we see a surge
number of people affected by natural catastrophes.
 POLITICAL CHANGE Happens when the rulers in a nation
lose power or the kind of governance in the nation. Governance is
the type of framework used to run a nation. Example of the kinds of
governance is democracy and monarchy. There are two manners
by which political change may happen: inside or remotely.
Internal political change this is instigated by people of the country.
It can be done through significant events, such as elections and rulers
opt to end his power over, or through irregular events, such as a coup
d’état or a rebellion.
External political change is instigated or imposed by other
countries. It is usually accomplished through military threats or extortions
but could occur through embargoes and/or withholding foreign aid. If it is
successfully accomplished by the military, then a new leader will be
positioned in charge by the triumphant attempt to impose foreign power.
 CULTURAL CHANGE this idea denotes that some
internal and external factors influence the cultural pattern
of societies leading to change.
There are three main factors of cultural change:
A.Contact - The exchange of ideas between two societies
will evidently change the culture of both societies. This is
done through the process called “cultural diffusion” and
“acculturation” Cultural diffusion is the transfer of cultural
practices, beliefs and social activities from one group of
people to another while acculturation is the process of
barrowing social patterns of values, and customs from one
group to another.
B. Technology Evolution – The emergence of technological
evolution will bring change of culture of one’s country. Example
for the latest inventions created by technology, is our means of
communication, transportation, devices and many more that are
very noticeable in our society

C. Geographical and ecological factor - The type of climate,

altitude of the place, and its geographical location contributes
the type lifestyle and culture of the people. Any changes in the
physical landscapes will automatically affect the way of living,
habits, and practices that lead to a change of one’s culture.
What’s More
Activity 2
Direction: Fill in the box below by identifying at least 5 social, cultural,
and political changes in our country for the past 10 years.
     
Social Cultural Political
 
     
 

     
 

     
 

     
 

     
 
 What have I
learn?
I learned that___________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

I realized that___________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

If given a chance________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
 What I
 
Know
POST TEST
Multiple Choice. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

 
7. The following are examples of geographical factor of cultural change except.
A. Technological inventions C. Altitude of the place
B. Closeness to the sea D. Climate
 

8. Which of the following is the basis of social life?

A. Technology C. Theory
B. Language D. Statistics
 
9. This is the spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from one group
of
people to another
A. Enculturation C. Cultural Diffusion
B. Political Diversion D. Acculturation
10. Which of the following reasons why there is political change?
A. Rulers will be voted out, retire, or die while in power
B. the type of governance in the country changes.
C. social or economic issues
D. All of the above
 
Multiple Choice. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
 
1. This concept denotes as changes in human interactions and relationships
that transform cultural and social institutions.
A. Political Change C. Social Change
B. Environmental Change D. Biodiversity Change
 2.

2. It involves social, cultural and political realities.

A. Social Science C. Political Science
B. Culture D. Society

 
3. The internal political change is initiated by citizens of the country, except?
A. Through military threats through embargoes and/or withholding foreign aid
B. It can be done through elections
C. rulers choosing to hand power over events, such as a coup d’état or a
rebellion
 4. The following are the common causes of social change as recognized by
social scientists, except
A. Genetics C. Environment
B. Population D. Technology
 
5. This a concept that denotes some internal and external factors leading to
change
in the cultural pattern of societies.
A. Political Change C. Social Change
B. Environmental Change D. Cultural Change
 
6. The following are the main factors of cultural change, except.
A. Technology innovation C. Geographical factor
B. Contact D. Heredity
7. The following are examples of geographical factor of cultural change except.
A. Technological inventions C. Altitude of the place
B. Closeness to the sea D. Climate
 

8. Which of the following is the basis of social life?

A. Technology C. Theory
B. Language D. Statistics
 
9. This is the spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from one group of
people to another
A. Enculturation C. Cultural Diffusion
B. Political Diversion D. Acculturation
10. Which of the following reasons why there is political change?
A. Rulers will be voted out, retire, or die while in power
B. the type of governance in the country changes.
C. social or economic issues
D. All of the above
 The Importance of Cultural
Relativism in Attaining Cultural
Understanding
Explain the Importance of Cultural
Relativism in Attaining Cultural
Understanding.
(UCSP11/12DCSId-10)
What’s In

People differ from each other, despite from the emergence

of the idea of one global society. These variations of
differences includes cultural diversity, social difference, and
political identities. This time, we will analyze some of the
social, political and cultural change that is happening in our
society today.
 ETHNOCENTRISM AND CULTURAL RELATIVISM
 

We have stressed that culture, though complex is made whole by

several important components, and one of which is “VALUES”.
Values are general and shared perception of what is good, right, and
appropriate and worth, and important with regard to modes of
conduct as in the case like freedom of choice or equal opportunity.
While beliefs are conception about the world and how people in it
operate, values are conception about the world and how the people
should be.
 Values are reflections of our commitments and they reflect our image of what is
good and what is not good in this world. Values are standards against people judge
their own acts and the acts of the others. Judging other people is how values enter
our social life. We like or dislike others from the value judgment we make: “totoong
tao ang tingin ko sa kanya, hindi plastic sa kapwa” (he is true and not
pretentious) or “sinungaling ang taong iyan” (that person is dishonest). But
judging is more than liking or disliking others. It is also deciding who should be
punished, or who should be promoted, who should live happy life, when to marry,
whom to marry, whom to vote for and so on.

We all have values and we make judgment of others. But not all values lead us to
judge others. Some we try to apply to our own lives. However, there is a tendency of
group of people to make value judgments about other people, value judgment that
arise from their culture. Ethnocentrism is a tendency to believe that our own ways
are right, and those outside of our own ways are less right or are doing it wrong.
 
Cultural Variation
 
Cultural Variation refers to the differences in social behaviors
that different cultures exhibit around the world. What may be
considered good etiquette in one culture may be considered bad
etiquette in another. "What is unacceptable and bad in a group of
people may be good and acceptable in another group of people."

There are two important perceptions of cultural variability

namely, ethnocentrism and cultural relativism.
 Ethnocentrism means judging another culture
solely by the values and standards of one’s own
culture. It is the belief that your native culture is the
most superior way of understanding around the
world. Individuals may have difficulty showing
appreciation of other cultures due to a lack of
information about the culture.
 
When do we become ethnocentric?

1. When you judge the behavior and beliefs of people who are different from
you
 Way out: To stop ethnocentric behavior, you must stop judging others
who are different from you.
 
2. When you believe that some cultures are backward if they lack the
technology and consumerism of your own culture.

 Way out: Remember that there are no primitive or backward cultures. All
cultures provide their members with the means to meet all human needs.
 Have you ever seen or eaten food from other places, such as
dried squid or fried crickets, and think of it as weird and gross?
This is an example of ethnocentrism! That means you use your
own culture as the center and evaluate other cultures based on
it. You are judging or making assumptions about the food of
other places based on your norms, values, or beliefs. Thinking
“dried squid is smelly” or “people shouldn’t eat insects” are
examples of ethnocentrism in societies where people may not
eat dried squid or insects. Can you think of other examples
where people might view practices from another culture as
“wrong” or “weird”?
 Cultural relativism is that a person’s beliefs and activities
should be understood by others in terms of that individual’s
own culture. Cultural relativism promotes greater appreciation
of the cultures one encountered along the way. For instance,
fur clothing is good in the Arctic countries but not in tropical
countries. In some cultures, food is eaten with different
instruments: hands, cutlery, chopsticks. Even the way people
use these instruments can differ from culture to culture with
people using forks or spoons more regularly or for specific
foods.
 Cultural relativism stresses that different social contexts give
rise to different norms and values. Thus, we must examine
practices such as polygamy, bullfighting, and monarchy within the
particular contexts of the cultures in which they are found. While
cultural relativism does not suggest that we must unquestionably
accept every cultural variation, it does require a serious and
unbiased effort to evaluate norms, values, and customs in the light
of their distinctive culture.
 Let us examine, for instance, the practice of children marrying
adults. Most people in North America cannot understand the idea of a
12-year-old girl marrying. The custom, which is illegal in the United
States is a common in West Africa and South Asia. Should the United
State respect such as marriages? The apparent answer is No. in 2006
the U.S. government spent $623 million to discourage the practice in
many of the countries with the highest child-marriage rates
From the perspective of cultural relativism, we might ask whether
government should spend its resources to dictate the norms of another.
Activity 2
Directions: discuss among themselves the advantages and disadvantages of
cultural relativism and ethnocentrism.
 
Advantage Disadvantage
   
 
 
 
Cultural
Relativism
 
  
   
 
 
 
Etnocentrism
 
 
 
Activity 3. Conceptualize Me

Directions: Use the given picture to conceptualize the importance of cultural relativism in attaining
cultural understanding.
1. What can you say about the picture?
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
____________________________________________________

2. How the given words from the picture help you conceptualize the
importance of cultural relativism in attaining cultural understanding?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_____
Becoming A Member of Society
Analyze the Significance of Cultural,
Social, Political
and Economic Symbols and
Practices
(UCSP11/12HSO-IIg-23-24)
This lesson on “Becoming a member of society”
deals with activities that could help the learners
analyze the significance of cultural, social,
political and economic symbols and practices.
Also is to help learners engage in some
interesting and practical activities in order to
deeply understand the role and impact of social
and political institutions in our society.
WHAT I KNOW
Mark a check (/) if the statement corresponds to whether T (True) or F (False).

SITUATION T F
1. “No man is an Island “.
2. Through the process of socialization we learn from other skills,
knowledge, norms, and values of society.
3. School are agents of socialization.
4. Socialization is a form of social control
5. Socialization established our identity.
WHAT’S IN
In previous chapter, you learned that culture is
acquired through socialization and enculturation as
well as the ethnocentrism and cultural relativism.
That Culture is one of the elements that is shared
by members of society. How the culture acquired by
the participants through agents of socialization and
controlling factors which deviated from standard
norms of society is the salient points in this part of
the lesson.
WHAT’S NEW
ACTIVITY 1: Think and Post: The Social Thinker!
 
This activity encourages social sharing to express social
concerns on participation in primary and secondary group of
socialization. Learners nowadays, find it more interesting when they
are asked to express themselves on the content of social issues that
engage social media than talking an issue without social media
involvement. Thus, it builds a better relationship among people. This
focuses on bringing groups of people sharing common interest and
interactions. This provides the best options to promote them on
Facebook page through sharing their social interactions and common
interest on the social group they are with.
Facebook presents a very unique
opportunity to explore and express this
generation’s views and social participation. This
is a large type of viral effect of information as
one of the online sources.
Instructions: post in your FB page anything that is
educational (inspirational quotes, religious quotes etc.) tag
your subject teacher (Shie-har D. Hadjirul) and also fill in here
at the box.
 AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION
 Primary group: Family

 Secondary group: Peer Groups Mass Media

Religion / Church/Schools State / Government
Process Question:

Suppose you are asked to express your thoughts in a social

media platform and to post in your Facebook account your
involvement in any of the agents of socialization that has a
major influence in shaping your way of thinking, social and
cultural behavior.

1. What is the most influential agent of socialization, the

family, religion, peer group, education, or mass media?
Why?
What Is It
 

Socialization is a continuing process of social

interaction through which people acquired their
identities and skills in society. It is a learning from
people to other people. It exposes the person to the
culture of society and acquire them. An important
part of socialization and enculturation processes are
the social groups which are called agents of
socialization:
The results of socialization are great because they
established our identity. We are guided how to act in
a socially acceptable ways and because of
socialization we acquire culture that may improve us
individuals. Socialization is also a form of social
control. It may be in the form of coercion: like
punishment, economy. It may also be in the form of
language which was used as cultural symbols.
AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION

The Family

It is the most important agent of socialization in all

societies. From our infancy onward, our families transmit
cultural and social values to us.

The School

The formal education process in an undertaking that lasts

up to twenty years.
Peer Groups
A group of people who are linked by common interests, equal
social positions, and (usually) similar age. It produces “ sense of
belongingness” and “self-worth” among groups

Mass Media
• They inform us about events;
• Introduce us to a wide variety of people;
• Provide an array of viewpoints on current issues;
• Make us aware of products and services that , if we purchase
them, will supposedly help us to be accepted by others; and
• Entertain us by providing the opportunity to live vicariously
(through other people’s experiences).
Progress Questions

Why is socialization important?

Why are agents of socialization important in
society
Which agent of socialization has more and less
influence to you
 SOCIALIZATION THROUGH THE LIFE COURSE

LATE
ADULTHOOD

ADULTHOOD

ADOLESCENCE

CHILHOOD Anticipatory socialization: The process by which knowledge and

skills are learned for future roles.
Example: Law school students learning how to behave like lawyers
and older people preparing for retirement.

Rites of Passage: Events that publicly dramatize and validate changes in a person’s role or status.
Example: Marriage, Baptism, etc.
INFANT TO CHILDHOOD
 Basic trust vs. Mistrust
 Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
 Initiative vs. Guilt
 Industry vs. Inferiority

ADOLESCENCE
 Identity vs. Role confusion

ADULTHOOD
 Intimacy vs. Isolation

LATE ADULTHOOD AND AGEISM

 Ego Integrity vs. Despair
INFANT TO CHILDHOOD

Basic trust vs. Mistrust (1 to 2 years old): As an

infant’s we ask ourselves if trusting the world is
something we need to do and we wonder if it is
safe. We learn that if we can trust someone we
can also trust in the future. If we experience fear,
we develop doubt and mistrust.

 The key to our development is our

mother.
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (2 to 4 years
old): In in our early childhood, we experience
ourselves and discover our body. We ask, it is
okay to be me? It is at this point of development
that young children begins to express a greater
need for independence and control over
themselves and the world around them.

 Both parents now play a major role.

Initiative vs. Guilt (4 to 5 years old): In
preschool, we take initiative, try out new things,
and learn basic principle like how rounds thing
roll. We ask, it is okay for me to do what I do? If
we are encouraged, we can follow our interest. If
we are held back or told that what we do is silly,
we can develop guilt.
 We are now learning from the entire
family.
ADOLESCENCE
Identity vs. Role confusion (13 to 19 years old):
During adolescence we learn that we have different
are different from others. We want to show that we
can do things right. We ask if we can make it in this
world. If we receive recognition from our teachers or
peers, we become industrious, which is another word
for being hard-working. If we get too much feedback,
we start to feel inferior and lose motivation.
 Key learning are our peers and role
models.
 ADULTHOOD
 One major difference between child socialization and adult
socialization is the degree of freedom of choices about their
own lives.
 Intimacy vs. Isolation (In early adulthood 20 to 40 years
old): As young adults, we slowly understand who we are and
we start to let go of the relationships we built earlier in order
to fit in. we ask ourselves if we can love? If we can make a
long-term commitment, we are confident and happy. If we
cannot form intimate relationship, we end up feeling isolated
and lonely
 Our friends and partners are now the center to
our development
Generativity and Stagnation (In middle adulthood
40 to 65 years old): When we reach our forties we
become comfortable, use our leisure time creatively
and maybe begin contributing to society. Our concern
is Generativity. If we think that we are able to lead
the next generation into this world, we are happy, if
we do not resolve some conflicts earlier, we become
pessimistic and experience Stagnation
 People at home and at work are now who
influence us most.
LATE ADULTHOOD AND AGEISM

 Ego Integrity vs. Despair (Late adulthood to ages 65

to death): As we grow older we tend to slow down and
begin to look back over our lives. We ask, how have I
don? If we think we did well, we develop feelings of
contentment and integrity. If not, we experience
despair and become grumpy and bitter.

 Time to compare us with mankind.

AGEISM: Prejudice and discrimination against people on the
basis of age, particularly against older people

SOCIAL DEVALUATION: a situation on which a person or

group is considered to have less social vale than other
individuals or groups.
 SOCIOLOGIST THEORY  
Sigmund Freud Psychoanalytic Theory Unconscious mind shaped the behavior of a
person. The formation of the self occurs between
the id and the superego. The influence of society
happens in superego.

Jean Piaget Cognitive Development Socialization happens in different stages of our

Theory mind’s development from infancy to adolescence
or adulthood.

Lawrence Kohlberg Moral Development Moral development is a continual process that

Theory occurs throughout our Lifespan.

George Herbert Mead’s Theory of the Social Self The self Emerges from social interactions.

Charles Cooley Cooley’s Theory of We learn to take the role of others. The
Looking-Glass Self expectation of others forms the venue for
acquiring social roles.
WHAT I CAN DO
Activity 3
Identify what form of violation (economic, cultural, social or political) in
each of the CARICATURE represented below.
Process Question:
 

If you are a government leader, what certain measure will you propose
to solve these societal issues?
________________________________________________________
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POST-TEST
Directions: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. It is considered as a primary group and a basic unit in a society?

a. peers b. family c. teachers d. Facebook friends
2. The theory refers to a socialization that may occur between infancy to adolescence.
a. Cognitive Development Theory b. Moral Development Theory
c. Theory of Social Self d. Psychoanalytic Theory
3. It pertains to violation of society’s norm.
a. social control b. deviance c. civil obedience d. RA 9165
4. A systematic means and practices used to maintain society’s norms, rules and laws;
regulate conflict; and discourage deviant behaviour.
a. human rights c. civil Disobedience
b. self-identity d. Social Control
5. Refers to persons, groups, and institutions that interact with individuals to participate in
the society.
a. agents of socialization c. social standard
b. social role d. social process
6. Which of the following is a deviant behavior?
a. socialite b. religious c. indigent d. drug addict
7. Which of the following is a false statement pertaining to socialization?
a. Socialization may happen in organizations that maintain social control.
b. Socialization happens when existing social roles are changed.
c. In socialization processes, it’s very difficult to establish our own identities.
d. Learning new norms and values may occur later in life.
8. It connotes an unacceptable behavior.
a. deviancy c. informal sanctions
b. civil obedience d. social control
 9. Which of the following social organization that inhibits social control?
a. military b. violence c. child abuse d. rebellion
10.Which of the following is the example of a formal sanction in the society?
a. discipline b. rule of law c. gossip d. social standard
11. Considered as ultimate source of authority.
a. religion and state b. classroom c. mass media d. pinterest
12. It is characterized as non-proximate agents of socialization, meaning it lacks a direct,
face-to-face interaction.
a. mass media b. peer group c. sorority d. social circle
13. Refers to the idea that a person has the innate right to be valued and respected.
a. human rights b. identity c. human dignity d. self-respect
14. The process of being socialized to a particular culture.
a. ostracism
b. cultural orientation
c. cultural value
d. enculturation
 

15. A primary agent of socialization from infancy up to childhood.

a. church
b. family
c. school
d. barangay council
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
SOCIAL STRUCTURE
The complex framework of societal institution and
social practices that make up society and that
organize and establish limits on people’s behavior.
The distinctive, stable arrangement of institution
whereby human beings in a society interact and live
together. It is often treated together with concept
of social change, which deals with the forces that
change the social structure and the organization.
COMPONENTS OF SOCIAL STRUCTURE

STATUS

SOCIETY
ROLE

SOCIAL CONTROL

SOCIAL GROUP
STATUS
A socially defined position in a group or society
characterized by certain expectations, rights, and
duties.
It may exist independently.
Answers first the question, “who am I?”
 Think about your social identity and based
on your status set.
 Status set = comprises all the statuses that a
person occupies at given time.
 Ascribed status
 Social position conferred at birth or received involuntarily
later in life, based on attributes over which the individuals
has little or no control
 Example : Eye Color, Race

 ACHIEVED status
 The most important status a person occupies
 Example : If a woman feels that her role as a mother is
more important than her role as a daughter etc., she is
more likely to identify herself as a mother and to identify
with other women who label themselves as such.
 Status Symbol
 Material signs that inform others of a person’s
specific status
 Example : Ring – married
Gun, Blue Uniform – police
I-Phone 11 Pro Max –RK?
ROLE
 A set of behavioral expectations associated with a
given status

 Example: A carpenter (employee) hired to remodel

a kitchen is not expected to sit down uninvited and
join the family (employer) for dinner
 ROLE EXPECTATION
 A specific role OUGHT to be played
 Role expectations are typically based on a range of
acceptable behavior rather than on strictly defined standards
 Role ambiguity occurs when the expectations associate with
a role are unclear
 Example: It is not always clear when the provider-
dependent aspects of the parent-child relationship ends>
 ROLE PERFORMANCE
 How a person ACTUALLY plays the role
 Role performance DOES NOT always match role expectation.
 Some role expectations are highly specific and some are
less-structured (Surgeon versus friend
 SOCIAL CONTROL
 Systematic practices that social groups develop in order to
encourage conformity to norms, rules, and laws and to
discourage deviance

FORMAL CONTROL

INFORMAL
CONTROL
SELF
CONTROL
Takes place at three level
1. Self-control – It is the ability to regulate one’s emotions,
thoughts, and behavior in the face of temptations and
impulses.
Example: we police ourselves.
2. Informal controls – The reactions of individuals and
groups that bring about conformity to norms and laws,
includes peer and community pressure, bystander intervention
in a crime, and collective responses such as citizen patrol
groups.
Example: our friends reward conformity and punish
nonconformity.
2. Formal controls – Are means of social control
exercised by the government and other
organizations who use law enforcement
mechanisms and sanctions such as fines and
imprisonment.
Example: The state or authorities discourage
nonconformity like criminal violations (robbery,
kidnapping).
SOCIAL GROUP
GROUPS AGGREGATES CATEGORY
Two or more Collection of A number of
people interact people who people who may
frequently and happen to be in never have met
share a common the same place at one another but
identity and the same time but share similar traits
feeling of share a little else (such as age, race
interdependence in common etc.)
BASIC TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUP

Small, less specialized

PRIMARY
Face to face

Emotion based

Extended period of
time
Primary Groups
 Direct sources of an individual’s social
skills and knowledge
 Small groups engage in face to face,
emotion based interaction
 Example: Family groups, love
relationships, crisis support groups, and
religious groups.
SECONDARY
Large, more
specialized

Formal

Impersonal, goal
oriented relationship

Limited time of period

Secondary Groups
 Formal, larger, more specialized group engaged
in impersonal, goal-oriented relationship.
 Few emotional ties to one another.
 More specialized than primary one; individuals
relate to one another in terms of specific roles
(such as professor and student).
 Example: Employment, vendor-to-client, a
doctor, a mechanic, an accountant, and such.
SOCIAL GROUP
Distinct Stuff
An individual directly
affiliates and
expresss loyalty to
IN-GROUP Stereotypes

Group that an Clash Unity

OUT-GROUP individual is not part
of

 Members use titles, external symbols, and dress to distinguish themselves

from out-group.
 Applying positive stereotypes to their in-group and negative stereotypes to the
out-group tends to cash to compete with out-group while strengthening the
unity of both groups.
In-group- a group to which a person
belongs, and with which he or she feels sense
of identity. An out-group meanwhile, is a
group to which one does not
belong and to which he or she may feel
hostility.
Reference group – a group which has a strong
influence on an individual’s, beliefs, values,
behavior and attitude.
Network group –refers to the structure of
relationship which has interconnections, ties, and
linkages between people, their groups, and the
larger social institutions to which they all belong
CONFORMITY AND DEVIANCE

Conformity: Deviance:
Following Violating
the rules the rules
Crime
 Behavior that violates criminal laws and is punishable with
fines, jail terms, and/or other negative sanctions.
 Example: Arson, theft, Gang violence, etc.
Conformity
 Act of following the roles and goals of one’s society.
 Example: Greeting hello with other people, forming queues in
the bus stop, etc.
Deviance
 Any behavior, belief, or condition that VIOLATES significant
social norms in the society or group in which it occurs.
 Example: Drinking too much or robbing bank.
 SANCTIONS
Rewards or penalties for Behavior

Formal positive: Informal positive: Informal positive: Formal negative:

 Reward by
 Reward by  Punishment by  Punishment by
institution
individual/group individual/group institution
 Recognition of
 Standing ovation  Grounded by parents  Imprisonment
honors  Cheers for scoring a  Sermon by teacher  Payment of fines
 Promotion
shot
FAMILY
The family is the most important agent of socialization in
all societies. From our infancy onward, our families
transmit cultural and social values to us. And it is the vital
societal institution in society and often serves as the
major sources of support for individuals.
The family composed of relationship in which people live
together with commitment, form an economic unit and
care for any young, and consider their identity to be
significantly attached to the group.
Family Structure and Characteristics

Kinship refers to a social network of

people based on common ancestry,
marriage, or adoption. There are three
types of kinship:
1. Kinship by Blood
2. Kinship by Marriage
3. Kinship by Ritual
 Kinship by Blood
i. Family of Orientation
1. The family of orientation is also known as the
nuclear family.
2. It is the family into which a person born and in
which early socialization usually take place.
3. Nuclear family is a family of one or two parents
(father and mother) and their dependent
child/children, all of which live apart from other
relatives.
ii. Family of Procreation
1.Family of procreation known as Extended
Family.
2.It is the family that a person forms by having or
adopting children.
3. Extended family is a family unit composed of
relatives in addition to parents and children who
live in the same household. These include
grandparents, uncles, aunties, cousins, nephews,
nieces, and other relatives.
Degrees of Consanguinity
Degree of 1st Degree 2nd Degree 3rd Degree 4th Degree
Consanguinity
Person/s  Child  Grandchild  Great  Great-great
 Parent  Sister grandchild grandchild
 Brother  Niece  Grandniece
 Grandparent  Nephew  Grandnephew
 Aunt  First cousin
 Uncle  Great aunt
 Great  Great uncle
grandparent  Great-great
grandparent
Kinship by Marriage
1. Cultural Patterns (To whom will I marry)
i. Endogamy – practice of marrying within one’s
group. Like, both couples have the same social
class, religious affiliation, racial-ethnic groups and
other groups.
ii. Exogamy – practice marrying outside one’s own
social group or category. The person from the
other group may be ostracized by other members
of the in-group.
2. Forms of Marriage
i. Monogamy – practice only one spouse at one time. In
some cases, monogamy means having only one spouse
for an entire life span.
 Serial Monogamy – One person has only one
partner at a time, and then moves on to another
partner after severing the relationship with the first.
ii. Polygamy – the practice of multiple marriages. It is a
marriage pattern in which an individual is married to
more than one person at a time.
 Polygyny – when a man is married to ore than one
wife at a time.
Kinship by Ritual
Parents selected godparents for a child at his or
her baptism, confirmation, and marriage. The
godparents were then tied to the parents as co-
parents or second parents.