The document discusses different types of relays used in power systems including induction, directional, static, and numerical relays. Induction relays work using electromagnetic induction between an electromagnet and aluminum disc. Directional relays respond to current flow in a definite direction using two actuating coils. Static relays provide advantages like low power consumption and no moving parts but require auxiliary voltage and protection from voltage transients. Numerical relays use digital signal processing to provide flexible multi-functional protection but have shorter life cycles and complexity in setting and testing.
The document discusses different types of relays used in power systems including induction, directional, static, and numerical relays. Induction relays work using electromagnetic induction between an electromagnet and aluminum disc. Directional relays respond to current flow in a definite direction using two actuating coils. Static relays provide advantages like low power consumption and no moving parts but require auxiliary voltage and protection from voltage transients. Numerical relays use digital signal processing to provide flexible multi-functional protection but have shorter life cycles and complexity in setting and testing.
The document discusses different types of relays used in power systems including induction, directional, static, and numerical relays. Induction relays work using electromagnetic induction between an electromagnet and aluminum disc. Directional relays respond to current flow in a definite direction using two actuating coils. Static relays provide advantages like low power consumption and no moving parts but require auxiliary voltage and protection from voltage transients. Numerical relays use digital signal processing to provide flexible multi-functional protection but have shorter life cycles and complexity in setting and testing.
The document discusses different types of relays used in power systems including induction, directional, static, and numerical relays. Induction relays work using electromagnetic induction between an electromagnet and aluminum disc. Directional relays respond to current flow in a definite direction using two actuating coils. Static relays provide advantages like low power consumption and no moving parts but require auxiliary voltage and protection from voltage transients. Numerical relays use digital signal processing to provide flexible multi-functional protection but have shorter life cycles and complexity in setting and testing.
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1/ 15
Induction Relay
Induction relay works on the principle of
electromagnetic induction. It consists of an electromagnet and the disc. Disc is made of aluminium. Disc rotates in the free space between two electromagnets or the cut space between core. There are two popular constructions of induction relays- Shaded pole induction disc relay Watthour meter type induction disc relay. In this relay the core has a copper band or coil. This produces a flux displaced in phase w,r,t the flux produced by main core. These two fluxes induce currets in the disc. The interaction between current and flux produces the torqu on the disc due to which disc rotates. I1 and Φ2 react similarly I2 and Φ1 react and produce torque. • In watthour meter relay, there are two types of electromagnets- E and U shaped. • These two electromagnets produce two fluxes Φ1 and Φ2. • These fluxes induce currents in the Al disc. The interaction of current and flux produces torque. The relay coil in this type of relay is provided with plug setting bridge. This bridge helps in selecting the turns of relay coil and same relay can be used for different current ratings. The turns selected decide the AT for the primary of E shaped electromagnet. The disc carries the bridge which shorts the trip circuit contacts during its rotation. • These relays are very flexible and find wide area of applications • By adjusting the travel distance between trip circuit and trip contacts on the disc, the time of operation of relay can be changed. So these relays are used as instantaneous as well as time delay relay. • This relay is non directional relay. Directional Relay
• Directional relays respond to flow of current in a definite
direction with reference to CT and PT location. • Directional power relay and directional overcurrent relay come under this category. • In this relay there are two actuating coils- one actuated through CT and other through PT. Shading ring may also be provided to give more phase shift to the two fluxes. • The directional relay has to operate to close the trip circuit. Static Relay Advantages of Static relay • Low power consumption • Resetting time and overshoots can be reduced • No moving contacts, so no arcing, contact bounce, erosion etc • No effect of gravity, so can be installed in vessels, aircrafts etc. • Single relay can perform various functions like measurement, comparison, stabilization , control etc • Compactness • Superior characteristics and accuracy • Effect of vibrations and shocks is not observed in static relays. Limitations of Static relays • Auxiliary voltage is required . • Electrostatic discharge is developed in semiconductor components which can damage other components. • Voltage transients are developed in power system during fault. Static relays are very sensitive to voltage spikes. Proper filter circuits are needed to protect relays. • Temperature dependence of relays- Semiconductor components are sensitive to temperature variations . Special care must be taken to protect these components. Typical static directional overcurrent relay Numerical Relay • Numerical relays is the latest development in power system. • It has been developed due to tremendous advancement in VLSI and computer hardware technology. Also the development of microprocessors and microcontrollers along with digital signal processing(DSP) has changed the relay mechanism. • In numerical relay, the analog currents and voltages derived from CT, PT are conditioned using signal conditioner unit. • This signal is sampled at specified intervals using S/H circuit. These samples are fed to the analog multiplexer and A to D converter to convert into digital form. • These signals in discrete number form are processed by a relaying algorithm. The algorithm uses signal processing technique to estimate the real and imaginary components of fundamental frequency voltage and current phasors. The computed quantities are compared with pre specified threshold values to decide whether relay should trip or not. Advantages of Numerical Relays
• Compactness and Reliability
• Flexibility due to programmability. • Adaptive capability • Multiple functions • Detailed logical and mathematical capabilities • Economical • Less space requirement • Low burden • Self monitoring and self testing • Communication facility Limitations • Short life cycle • Susceptibility to transients • Setting and testing complexity • CT ratio= 400/5 • Relay setting= 150% of 5 A= 7.5 A • PSM= Fault current/( Relay current setting* CT ratio) • = 6000/(7.5 * 400/5) • = 10
