LEGAL REFERENCING
IN CONTRACTS
Contracts, formal letters and other legal documents frequently
contain 'reference' words that are not often used in other areas of
English. These words refer to time, place, result, etc, in connection
with the documents they appear in.
Complete sentences 1 – 14 with appropriate words from the box.
To help you, each sentence is followed by an explanation in italics
of the function of the missing word.
Afore hereafter hereby herein hereinafter hereof hereto (x2)
mentione
d
heretofore hereunder herewith thereafter therein thereinafter Therein
before
1. We are somewhat confused, as the contract we received named the company as
The Sophos Partnership in the first paragraph, but __________ as Sophos Ltd.
(listed or mentioned afterwards in the document)
2. Could you explain why the interest rate is quoted as 17% on the final page of the
agreement you sent us, but as 15% __________. (listed or mentioned earlier in a
document)
3. He was present when the exchange took place, and has been summoned as
witness __________. (of this event / fact)
4. For more information, see the documents listed __________. (below this heading
or phrase)
5. All parties are expected to comply with the conditions stated __________, unless a
formal application is made to do otherwise. (in this document)
6. Final delivery of the merchandise is to be made no later than the dates listed
__________. (relating or belonging to this document)
7. The copyright for this book will __________ be in the name of the author, Archibald
Thrupp. (from this time on)
8. According to the schedule of payments attached __________, invoices must be submitted
at the end of each month. (to this document)
9. You are advised to refer to the previous contract, and the terms and conditions
cited __________. (in that document)
10. The accused is to report to his probationer twice a week for the first month, and
__________ once a week for the next five months. (after that)
11. The parties __________ acting as trustees are to be consulted regularly.
(previously, earlier or before now)
12. Thank you for the prompt despatch of our goods. Please find a cheque enclosed
__________. (together with this letter or document)
13. This agreement is made on 1 April 2007 between Blueberry Press (__________
called the PUBLISHER), and Michael Halmsworth (__________ called the
AUTHOR). (stated later in this document: the same word should be used to complete
both gaps)
14. Mr Harrison has failed to comply with the terms set out in his contract, and we
__________ revoke the contract. (as a result or in this way)
15. The __________ company was awarded the contract under certain conditions.
(mentioned earlier)