RADAR

Radio Detection and Ranging

Excellence Through Team Work

Pranav Bhadra 01 Nirav Hemani 19

RADAR ?


What is

Electromagnetic Device to detect and determine the various parameters of the target . Works on the principle of bouncing back the radio waves from the target and the receiver of Radar processes the required information. Finds applications in Air Traffic Control, Navigation, Military Surveillance, Ship and Vehicular Movements.

Parameters Calculated by Radar

Distance Measurement  Speed Measurement  Location of the target with GPS CoCo-ordinates  Range of target with respect to ground  Wind speed


The Doppler Effect

Change in frequency of the wave with respect to a stationary observer and moving object. Variation of frequency also depends on the direction the wave source is moving with respect to the observer.

Block Diagram of Doppler Radar

The transmitter transmits a pulse of frequency fo. Receiver receives signal with frequency of fo+fd. Receiver/mixer mixes signal from STALO and received signal.

Spread Spectrum Technique



Technique by which the signal is spread in frequency domain, resulting in signal with wider bandwidth. Method very effective in curbing distortion, jamming and natural interference. DSDS-SS and FH-SS are methods involving Spread FHSpectrum technique. Sharing of a single channel among multiple users. Reduced signal/background-noise level hampers signal/backgroundinterception.

Principle of Operation
 

The radar device transmits a wave whose band is spread by a PN code from a PN generator, receives the reflected wave. In this radar device, the received signal is spread to a wide range is converted to a low-frequency band lowwhich is easy to be measured by a down converter. The RADAR detects correlation between the received signal and the PN code.

Spread Spectrum RADAR

Explanation of the Block Diagram

o o o

o o

o o

Carrier Generation: Microwave Carrier is generated. Generation: Transmit Code Generation: PN random bit stream of 1023 bits. Generation: Bi-phase Modulation: Modulation of MW Carrier and PN bit BiModulation: stream via level shifter. Transmission: Transmission: Modulated Wave transmitted through Antenna. Wave Demodulation: Transmitting wave mixed with Demodulation: demodulated. Leak Cancellation: Base Band domain instead of RF domain. Cancellation: Correlation: Correlation: The correlation process has the net effect of suppressing all return signals that are of time delay different from that of the receive code by more than one clock period. Return signal analysis: The output of the correlator is a sum of analysis: sinusoidal waveforms each resulting from the reflection of a target.

Determination of Target Parameters:

Target existence and speed in each range bin can be determined by the following process:

1. Set the time delay of the receive code relative to the transmit code according to the range bin of interest by the method as described in the correlation section. 2. Apply spectrum analysis to return signal after a finite dwell time The theoretical minimum dwell time per range bin is dependent on the minimum speed of interest for the intended target type. In general, the dwell time per range bin should be no less that one period of the Doppler Frequency of interest. 3. Determine the speed of target inside the range bin of interest according to its Doppler frequency. The direction of target movement cannot be derived from its Doppler frequency. It is possible to determine target direction of movement from the result of successive skip scan and analyzing the pattern of target occupation of range bins. In this process the speed of each target can be tracked and used as its identifying parameter for tracking its movement.

Block Diagram of DSDS-SS Radar

Software for Measurement of Signal Strength

Spreading

Scrambling

RF Transmitter

Target
Software for Measurement of Signal Strength

Despreading

Descrambling

RF Receiver

Brief Theory About Spread Spectrum Radar

Sometimes pulse compression Radars have been called spread spectrum Radars. The baseband signal d(t), having bit rate of fb (= 1/Tb), is first modulated in PSK modulator. Now this signal is spreaded (modulated again) by pseudo noise (PN) signal having chip rate fc (= 1/Tc).

The equation for spread spectrum signal is V (t) = g(t)s(t) =(2Psg(t)d(t) cos t). The spread spectrum signal is now up converted and transmitted through transmitter antenna. At the receiver end the signal can be down converted, dedespreaded and demodulated. The de-spreading is done through correlation process. de-

Overview of Spread Spectrum RADAR

Patented RADAR technologies are now available that has major advantages eliminating the most of the disadvantages of either pulse or continuous wave approaches. These are based on the use of a digital pseudo-random binary code, similar to the spread spectrum technology in wireless mobile communications. The technology uses DSSS signals to create noise like modulation, making the transmitted signal virtually undetectable. Spread spectrum radio has long been used in military communications because of this advantage.

Pulse Compression Radar

The pulse compression nature of spread spectrum signal processing provides significant protection against normal Interference.
oHigh

level of Multipath rejection.

oHigher

reliability/efficiency and low power consumption due to coding of the baseband pulses. suppression of interference due to coded RADAR waveform and correlation of the received code.

oLocal

Inefficiency of Conventional Radar



Low frequency region of RADAR operation. The problem of clutters. Multipath & Interference. Inaccuracy in measurement of parameters.

PN Sequence


It is a sequence of binary numbers, generating 0,1 which appears to be random; but is in fact perfectly deterministic. This property may be used for interdevice signaling, shiftshift-register memorymemoryaddress identification, and position measurement in machinery control, used in Spread Spectrum Radar.

Advantages of PN Sequence
       

Anti jamming Multipath Protection through Bandwidth Multiple Access Message Privacy: Pseudorandom Selective Calling Identification Navigation Low Radiated Flux Density

Navigation.  To locate aircrafts, missiles.  Marine Radars to locate targets on water.  Police forces use radar guns to monitor vehicle speeds on the roads.  Weather Forecasting.  Geologists using Ground Penetrating Radar.


Applications of RADAR

Microwave RADAR Technology

Initial usage of microwave RADAR was for collision warning applications on commercial vehicles, such as ambulances, buses and trucks. The advantage of RADAR sensors, is that they perform equally well during the day, the night, and in most weather conditions. RADAR can also be used for target identification and for detecting road conditions by making use of scattering signature information. Most likely the RADAR sensors will be an integral part of any multiple sensor system, or sensor fusion, used to achieve a true autonomous vehicle.

Conclusion
The Spread Spectrum Radar Is far more efficient than the conventional Doppler Radar. The use of PN Sequence in DSDS-SS Radar improves the overall performance in functioning of Radar.