The female reproductive system goes through several physiological stages from birth through menopause. During puberty, the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis is established, driving the menstrual cycle through regulation of hormones like estrogen and progesterone. The ovarian cycle involves development and release of an egg, as well as changes to the corpus luteum. The endometrial cycle is regulated by these same hormones and changes from proliferative to secretory phases each month.
The female reproductive system goes through several physiological stages from birth through menopause. During puberty, the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis is established, driving the menstrual cycle through regulation of hormones like estrogen and progesterone. The ovarian cycle involves development and release of an egg, as well as changes to the corpus luteum. The endometrial cycle is regulated by these same hormones and changes from proliferative to secretory phases each month.
The female reproductive system goes through several physiological stages from birth through menopause. During puberty, the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis is established, driving the menstrual cycle through regulation of hormones like estrogen and progesterone. The ovarian cycle involves development and release of an egg, as well as changes to the corpus luteum. The endometrial cycle is regulated by these same hormones and changes from proliferative to secretory phases each month.
The female reproductive system goes through several physiological stages from birth through menopause. During puberty, the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis is established, driving the menstrual cycle through regulation of hormones like estrogen and progesterone. The ovarian cycle involves development and release of an egg, as well as changes to the corpus luteum. The endometrial cycle is regulated by these same hormones and changes from proliferative to secretory phases each month.
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Physiology of the Female
Reproductive System Physiological Stages
Neonatal period: birth---4 weeks
Childhood: 4 weeks----12 years Puberty: 12 years---18 years Sexual maturation: 18 year---50 year Perimenopause: decline of ovarian function (40 years)----1 year postmenopause Postmenopause: Menstruation Menstruation cyclic endometrium sheds and bleeds due to cyclic ovulation Mense 1. Endometrium is sloughed (progesterone withdrawal) 2. Non-clotting menstrual blood mainly comes from artery (75%) 3. Interval: 24-35 days (28 days). duration: 2-6 days. the first day of menstrual bleeding is considered by day 1 4. Shedding: 30-50 ml Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Ovary(H-P- O axis)
Central reproductive hormones In the prepubertal state, the concentration of sex steroids and gonadotropins is low. The hypothalamic gonadostat is functional but highly sensitive to low levels of sex steroids,with the onset of puberty there is decreased sensitivity of the hypothalamus to negative feedback by sex steroids, increased release of LRF, and enhanced secretion of gonadotropins. In the negative feedback mechanism, the hypothalamus is less sensitive to feedback by sex steroids (adult set point) and adult levels of gonadotropins and sex steroids are present. Central reproductive hormones Neuroendocrine regulation 1. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone,GnRH 1) chemical structure (pro)Glu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Arg-Pro- Gly-NH2 2) Synthesize and transport
nerve cells portal vein anterior lobe
hypothalamus pitutary Central reproductive hormones Central reproductive hormones 2. Gonadotropins 1) Composition (glycoprotein) Follicle stimulating hormone,FSH Luteinizing hormone,LH 2) Synthesize and transport 3. Prolactin (PRL) Regulated by the prolactin inhibiting factor (PIF)
Gonadotroph Blood ovary
(pulse) circulation The Ovarian cycle
Functions of ovary 1. Reproduction development and maturation of follicle; ovulation 2. Endocrine estrogens, progesterone, testosterone The Ovarian cycle Cyclic changes of ovary 1. The development and maturation of follicle 1) Primordial follicle: before meiosis 2) Preantral follicle: zona pellucida, granulosa cells (FSH receptor) 3) Antral follicle: granulosa cells (LH receptor), E↑ 4) Mature follicle: E↑,P↑ Theca externa, theca interna, granulosa, follicular antrum, mound, radiate coronal 5) Follicular phase: day 1 to follicle mature (14 days) The Ovarian cycle The Ovarian cycle 2. Ovulation 1) First meiosis completed → collagen decomposed → oocyte ovulated 2) Regulation a) LH/FSH peak E2↑(mature follicle) → GnRH ↑ (hypothalamus) → LH/FSH peak (positive feedback) b) P cooperation LH ↑ → P ↑(follicle luteinized before ovulation) →positive feedback The Ovarian cycle 3. Corpus luteum 1) follicle luteinized after ovulation: luteal cells 2) LH → VEGF → corpus hemorrhagicum 3) Regression non fertilized → corpus albicans 4) Luteal phase Ovulation to day 1 The Ovarian cycle sex hormones secreted by ovary 1. Composition Estrogen, progesterone, testosterone 2. Chemical structure Steroid hormone 3. Synthesis Cholesterol→pregnenolone→androstened ione→ testosterone→estradiol Δ5 or Δ4 pathway of estrogen production The Ovarian cycle 4. Metabolism: liver 5. Cyclic change of E and P in ovary 1) Estrogen a) E↑(day 7) → E peak (pre-ovulate) → E↓ → E↑ (1 day after ovulate) →E peak (day 7-8) → E↓ b) theca interna cells (LH receptor) → testosterone c) Granulosa (FSH receptor) → estrogen 2)Progesterone P↑ (after ovulation) → P peak (day 7- 8) → P↓ granulosa
LH
progesterone
The Ovarian cycle
Ovarian responses The Ovarian cycle H-P-O axis 1. Positive feedback Sex hormones (E)↑ → GnRH or LH/FSH↑ E peak (≥200pg/ml) → LH/FSH peak → ovulation 2. Negative feedback Sex hormones (E)↑ → GnRH or LH/FSH↓ Follicular phase: E↑ → FSH↓ Luteal phase: E↑P↑ → LH/FSH↓(formation) E↓P↓ → LH/FSH↑(regression) The endometral cycle Proliferative phase 1. E↑(mitogen)→ stroma thickens and glands become elongated → proliferative endometrium 2. Duration: 2 weeks 3. Thickness: 0.5mm → 5mm With rising estradiol production during the follicular phase of the cycle, the endometrial stroma thickens and the endometrial glands become elongated, this is a proliferative endometrium. The endometrium reaches a maximal thickness at the time of ovulation. The endometral cycle Secretory phase 1. P↑(differentiation) → secretory endometrium 2. Features stroma becomes loose and edematous blood vessels entering the endometrium become thickened and twisted glands become tortuous and contain secretory material within the lumina 3. Duration: 2 weeks 4. Thickness: 5-6mm When ovulation occurs, the hormonal balance changes from an estrogenic state to a progestational state. The endometrium stroma becomes loose and edematous, and blood vessels entering the endometrium become thickened and twisted. The endometrial glands, which were straight and tubular in the proliferative phase of the endometrium, become tortuous and contain secretory material within the lumina. Change of Other genital organs
Download ebooks file (Ebook) Bedside Neurology - Clinical Approach, 2e (Nov 1, 2022)_(9354659373)_(Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Pvt Ltd) by Biman Kanti Ray ISBN 9789354659379, 9354659373 all chapters
Download ebooks file (Ebook) Bedside Neurology - Clinical Approach, 2e (Nov 1, 2022)_(9354659373)_(Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Pvt Ltd) by Biman Kanti Ray ISBN 9789354659379, 9354659373 all chapters
