GRAFTING

GRAFTING
It is defined as the art of connecting two pieces or two surfaces of living plant
tissues together in such a way that they will unite and subsequently grow
band develop as one plant.

Wrapped
Scion and waxed

Graft
union

Root stock
 Root stock
• Rootstock is the lower portion of the
graft and develops into the root
system of the new grafted plant or it
provides root to new grafted plant.
• The root stock can be seeding Scion
( seeding rootstocks ) , rooted cutting
micro – propagated or a layered
plant( clonal rootstocks). Rootstock

Scion
• Scion is the portion of the shoot that
is grafted on rootstock.
• It consists of a short piece of the
detached shoot with dormant buds
that will produce the stem and
branches .
 Vascular cambium
• Thin layer of
meristematic cells
between the xylem and Vascular cambium
phloem

Callus
• Mass of parenchyma
cells that develop from
and around wounded
plant tissue; both the
scion and rootstock.
 GRAFTING USES

• Rapidly increases the number of

desirable plants.

• Gives plant stronger , more

disease–resistant roots .

• To topwork a large tree.

• To insert a different variety on part

of the limbs of the tree.

• To propagate plants that may be

difficult to bud.
 REQUIREMENTS FOR A
SUCCESSFUL GRAFT
• Compatibility

The plants must be closely related to each other so the scion and stock
are able to grow together.
• Scion wood
The scion wood should be one year old and of vigorous growth.
• Timing
Grafting is usually done when the stock and scion are dormant and have

no leaves .
• Matching of tissue
The cambium layer of the two matched plant parts must come in close
contact and be held tightly together .
• Waterproofing
After the graft is made all cut surfaces must be covered with a water
proof material like grafting wax, plastic ties or rubber ties.
 PHYSIOLOGY
• In grafting union takes place
between the two cambium layers
of rootstock and scion branch.
• The cells of these plants are
meristematic that is they are capable
of dividing and forming new cells.
• These cell when wounded produce a
mass of parenchymatous cells which
is called callus
• The outer cells of the callus get
suberized for healing of wound .
• Some callus cells become
meristematic and produce xylem
tissue inside and phloem tissue
outside thus producing new vascular
tissue .
 ADVANTAGES

• Perpetuating the plants , those can not be readily maintained by

cuttings ,layering or other method of propagation.
• Benefits of certain plants as root stocks are obtained e.g. :-sour
lime is used as root stock for oranges.
• The growth of weak growing plants can be changed.
• Reproductive maturation can be hastened e.g. sapota takes many
years for fruiting but by grafting it can be reduced to 2-3 years.
• Special forms can be achieved for e.g. a combination of two
plants potato and tomato can be made
• Damaged parts of a tree can be repaired by performing bridge
grafting , inarching etc.
• It is possible to produce better quality of fruits and flowers by
grafting .
 DISADVANTAGES

• The time spent during collection and preparation of

vegetative material is more.
• Grafting needs special structures e.g. apical bud , lateral
bud, lateral meristem etc.
• Highly specialised and skilled labour is required to perform
the method of grafting.
• Production of new genetic variety is not possible.
• Hybrid can not be produced.
• Chances of inheritance of bad characteristics from parent
are more.
• Vegetative structures can not be stored for longer time .
 TYPES OF GRAFTING

a) Crown Grafting b) Wedge Grafting

c) Approach Grafting d) Bud Grafting

e) Veneer grafting
f) Tongue Grafting g) Cleft grafting
APPROACH
GRAFTING
• In Approach grafting , two
independent, self-sustaining
plants are grafted together.
• After the formation of union, the
top of rootstock plant is removed
above the graft union and the
base of the scion plant is removed
below the graft union.
• For approach grafting, the goal is
usually to graft a scion from a
mature intact tree onto a smaller
rootstock with its own root
system in some sort of container
tied up into the canopy of the
scion donor tree.
•  Approach grafting is usually
practiced for propagation of fruit
trees like mango, and tamarind.
 PHYSIOLOGY

• In grafting, the vascular cambium of the scion must be aligned with

the vascular cambium of roots .
• In the woody , the cambium is very thin ribbon of actively dividing
cells located just below the bark.
• The cambium produces conductive tissue for actively growing plant.
• The vascular cambium for both (stock and scion) initiates formation
of parenchymatous mass of cells known as callus tissue at graft
portion.
• These parenchymatous cells intermix and interlock and form cambium
at the graft portion that gives rise to secondary xylem and phloem.
• The required moisture and minerals are supplied by stock and growth
hormones, foods are supplied by the scion.
 PROCEDURE

• Select a one year old healthy branch from the scion tree which has same vigor
and growth that of stock.
• Make a cut with the sharp knife, 6-8 inches above from the soil in order to
expose the cambium . A similar cut is also made on the stock at the same
height so that the identical cambium portion will be exposed.
• The length of the cut should not be more than the 1 – 1 ½ inches, and
thickness not more than 1/3 to the thickness of scion and stock.
• The cut must be smooth and flat so that when stock and scion are present
together, there is a close contact of cambium cells.
• The 2 branches are brought close to each other and cut surfaces are tied
tightly together with a string .
• After a few weeks, when the first graft union completes, a straight cut is given
below the graft union on scion to separate it from the parent plant, while a
slant cut is given above the graft union on stock that separates the grafted
new plant.
 PROCEDURE OF APPROACH
GRAFTING

Make a smooth and flat The 2 branches are brought When the graft has taken,
cut with sharp knife on close to each other and cut cut the scion away from
both scion and stock. surfaces are tied tightly the parent and cut the
together with a string . stock away above the
graft.
 PREVENTIVE MEASURES

• Both the plants stock and scion should be of same psychological

state.
Stock and scion should be regularly irrigated and fertilized before
and after grafting.
• The cut that is made on stock and scion should be neat and of same
size in both the stem.
• The selected stock and scion should be healthy free from disease
and they must be compatible with each other.
• The lips should be remove from above and below where cut is
made either from both stock and scion.
• After grafting the expose position should be cover with antifungal
or antibacterial solution so in order to avoid the growth of algae,
fungi and bacteria.
 BUD
GRAFTING
• Bud grafting is also known as Chip
budding.
• It is a technique of grafting in which a
vegetative dormant bud is taken in
place of scion bud.
• The scion bud is being inserted inside
the T-shaped cut/opening in the bark
and tied together.
• When the bud starts sprouting to
produce a new plant, the stock is cut
from above the part of union.
• Rootstock develops into the root
system of the grafted plant.
• It is mainly done on those plants which
has characteristics of two plants for
repairing of damaged portions.
• Budwood is a stick with several buds
on it that can be cut out and used for
bud grafting. It is a common method
of propagation for citrus trees.
• Examples: rose, peach etc.
 PHYSIOLOGY
• In bud grafting, the vascular cambium of the bud (scion) must be
aligned with the vascular cambium of rootstock.
• Cambium is a thin ribbon in which the actively growing cells are
present.
• When the bud is grafted on the stock, vascular cambium helps in
formation of callus (a mass of parenchymatous cell), at the
grafted portion.
• After grafting, the parenchymatous cells get mixed with each
other to form cambium at the graft giving rise to secondary
xylem and phloem for the continuity between both scion and the
rootstock.
• Stock provides necessary moisture to the scion, and scion
provides growth hormone to the stock.
• The whole process helps in growth of scion or the grafted portion
on the rootstock.
 PROCEDURE
I. Preparation of the scion bud: The collected bud stick should be hard
in nature and adapted to environmental conditions.
a) Leaf blades are clipped from the bud sticks, leaving the petiole intact. This
leaves a convenient “handle” for holding the bud while it is cut from the bud
stick.
b) Using an upward slicing motion, the bud and small portion of the wood
underneath is cut from the bud. It should ½” below and above the bud
cutting off the small piece of wood. A perpendicular cut across the tip of the
upward cut will separate it from the bud stock.
c) A scion bud should contain a piece of bark and small piece of wood behind
it.

II. Preparation of the stock: a one year old rooted stock plant of same
local varieties is selected which should be disease-free, adapted to the local
climate condition and compatible with man varieties.
a) Only one branch of thickness 1.25cm is retained and all the branches are
removed.
b) All the leaves and thorns are removed from the place where the cut is made.
c) A T-shaped cut is made between the two nodes by first giving a vertical cut
downward in the bark region without damaging the wood followed by a
horizontal cut.
d) The bark is lifted carefully where the cut is made, the length and width of ‘T’
should be slightly bigger than the scion used.

III. Inserting the scion: holding the scion bud carefully by the stem
portion, slide it carefully into the ‘T’ pocket until the top of the ‘T’ cut. Avoid
touching the cut surface of the shield with your fingers.

IV. Securing the graft: after inserting the bud, the two are tied with a
polythene tape, keeping the bud exposed or do not tape over the bud.
 PROCEDURE OF BUD
GRAFTING:
I. Preparation of a scion bud: The bud is being removed from the
selected stock as a scion for budding.

Carefully the fresh bud is taken out from the selected plant without
damaging it.
 II. Preparation of the stock: The selected stock is taken and all the
thorns and leaves are removed then one perpendicular cut is made on the bark
of the stock.

Step 1: Stock is taken Step 2: leaves & Step 3: A vertical cut is

thorns are removed. made.

Step 4: A horizontal Step 5: Joining both

cut is made to join the cuts and partially
vertical cut. separating the bark
from the stock.
 III. Inserting the scion (Bud): For inserting the bud, the bark is
opened carefully without removing it completely from the stock then the bud
is inserted inside it carefully.

Step 1: Opening the bark Step 2: Inserting the bud inside

carefully bark

Step 3: Closing the bark carefully

IV. Securing the graft: At the end, the bud/ graft is secured with the help
of a polythene tape.

Step 1: Securing the bud with the Step 2: Taping it tightly and let it
polythene tape grow

Step 3: After 6-8 weeks, the bud

started to sprout completely
 PREVENTIVE MEASURES

• Both the plants stock and scion should be of same psychological

state.
Stock and scion should be regularly irrigated and fertilized before and
after grafting.
• The cut that is made on stock and scion should be neat and of same
size in both the stem.
• The selected stock and scion should be healthy free from disease and
they must be compatible with each other.
• The lips should be remove from above and below where cut is made
either from both stock and scion.
• After grafting the expose position should be cover with antifungal or
antibacterial solution so in order to avoid the growth of algae, fungi
and bacteria.
 VENEER
GRAFTING
• Grafting in which the scion is inserted
into rootstock in lateral position is
known as veneer grafting.
• Both the scion and stock are taken from
mature plant.
• Veneer grafting is a method used for
stock to be larger (3 cm (1 1⁄8) in
diameter) than scion.
• The scion is recommended to be about
as thick as like a pencil. Rootstock
• Clefts are made of the same size as the Scion
scion on the side of the branch, not on
top.
• The scion end is shaped as a wedge,
inserted, and wrapped with tape to the
scaffolding branches to give it more
strength.
• It is used for decorating flowering trees
by adding twigs from different varieties.
 PHYSIOLOGY

• In grafting the vascular cambium of the scion must be aligned with the
vascular cambium of roots .
• In the woody , the cambium is very thin ribbon of actively dividing
cells located just below the bark.
• The cambium produces conductive tissue for actively growing plant.
• The vascular cambium for both (stock and scion) initiates formation
of parenchymatous mass of cells known as callus tissue at graft
portion.
• These parenchymatous cells intermix and interlock and form cambium
at the graft portion that gives rise to secondary xylem and phloem.
• The moisture and minerals are supplied by stock and growth
hormones, foods are supplied by the scion.
 PROCEDURE
I. Preparation of scion :
a) Select a scion of 20-25 cm from terminal shoot of part season growth ,
which is one year old and still in dormant stage .
b) The selected scions are defoliated (removal of leaves on the mother
plant ) about 8-10 days prior o grafting , keeping a part of petiole intact
on the selected terminal shoot.
c) This activates the terminal bud and increases the percentage of success
in grafting .This wig is known as ‘De – foliated pre scion’
d) Make 1 inch long sloping cut at the base of the scion on one side and
1/2inch long cut opposite to it.

II. Preparation of stock :

e) A slant cut downwards and inward cut of about 1 inch long is made on
an one year old root stock, 25-40 cm above the crown portion of stock
which exposes a flap of bark with some wood still attached .
III. Scion and stock united and tieded with polythene :
a) The scion is inserted to the stock so that the cambium layers mach on the
longer side.
b) The graft union is tied lightly with a trans parent polythene strip /jute rope
avoiding any air space .
 PROCEDURE OF VENEER
GRAFTING
I. Preparation of a scion : The base of the scion must be angled to fit in
the stock notch cross section.

Step1: Scion is taken Step2: A long shallow cut is made while

removing a piece of bark
 II. Preparation of the stock: The selected stock is taken and two cuts is
made into side of the stem .

Step 1: Stock is taken Step 2: A long shallow cut is made

Step 3: A second short cut is made Step 4: Now stock is read to join with scion
 III. Scion and stock united and tieded with polythene : To inserting the stock
into scion , the scion bark is opened carefully without removing it completely and then
the stock is inserted inside it carefully and tieded with help of polythene.

Step 1: Opening the bark of scion Step 2: Inserting stock into scion bark

Step 3: Scion and stock is tieded with polythene Step 4: Lately it cover with plastic bag
 PREVENTIVE MEASURES

• Both the plants stock and scion should be of same psychological

state.
Stock and scion should be regularly irrigated and fertilized before
and after grafting.
• The cut that is made on stock and scion should be neat and of same
size in both the stem.
• The selected stock and scion should be healthy free from disease and
they must be compatible with each other.
• The lips should be remove from above and below where cut is made
either from both stock and scion.
• After grafting the expose position should be cover with antifungal or
antibacterial solution so in order to avoid the growth of algae, fungi
and bacteria.
 Submitted By :
Kaveri Baishnab(12)
Ishita Gupta (37)
Manya Malik (42)

Bsc (Hons ) Home Science

5 semester , 3 year
Section –A