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Chapter 4 Powerpoint

Chapter 4 of 'Energy for Sustainability' discusses the fundamentals of energy science, including the distinction between energy and power, units of measurement, and conversion efficiency. It covers various forms of energy such as mechanical, thermal, chemical, solar, nuclear, and electrical, along with the laws of thermodynamics and heat transfer principles. The chapter also addresses energy calculations, including enthalpy and heat of combustion, and explores the role of energy in biological processes and nuclear reactions.

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617 views31 pages

Chapter 4 Powerpoint

Chapter 4 of 'Energy for Sustainability' discusses the fundamentals of energy science, including the distinction between energy and power, units of measurement, and conversion efficiency. It covers various forms of energy such as mechanical, thermal, chemical, solar, nuclear, and electrical, along with the laws of thermodynamics and heat transfer principles. The chapter also addresses energy calculations, including enthalpy and heat of combustion, and explores the role of energy in biological processes and nuclear reactions.

Uploaded by

hdavey
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Energy for Sustainability

Randolph & Masters, 2008

Chapter 4:
Fundamentals of Energy Science
Energy & Power
& Conversion Efficiency

 Energy vs. Power (energy/time)

 Units of Energy & Power

 Conversion Efficiency: useful energy output


η=
energy input
Table 4.1 Units of Energy
Table 4.1 Units of Power
Forms of Energy
 Mechanical (potential, kinetic, pressure,
rotational)
 Thermal (temperature, thermal capacitance,
internal energy)
 Chemical (molecules, phase change,
stochiometry, enthalpy, heat of combustion)
 Solar (electromagnetic radiation, solar spectrum,
solar energy for life)
 Nuclear (radioactivity, fission, fusion)
 Electrical (current, voltage, circuits, power)
Mechanical Energy
Potential Energy = P.E. = Wh
Kinetic Energy = K.E. = ½ mv2

Watts gpm ft

P=ηQH
5.3
Thermal Energy
 Temperature (T)

 Internal Energy (U)

 Thermal Capacitance: Specific Heat


Specific Heat and Heat Capacity
Example: Thermal Storage
Laws of Thermodynamics
 1st Law of Thermodynamics:
 Energy is conserved
 Energy in = Energy out
 Allows us to account for energy and do energy
analysis
 2nd Law of Thermodynamics:
 Tendency toward equilibrium, randomness, chaos
 Things become disordered without use of energy
 Input of high order (low entropy) energy and
 output of low order (high entropy) energy
Heat Transfer
 Heat moves from hot Temp to cold Temp, cooling
the hot and warming the cold, so that both Temps
will end up the same
 Difference in Temp (∆T) is the driving force
Heat Loss and Gain in Buildings
Chemical Energy
 Atoms and molecules
 Phase change: heat of fusion, vaporization
 Stoichiometry: mass balance

 Enthalpy (H): energy balance


 High heating value (HHV), Low heating value (LHV)
Enthalpy and Heat of Combustion
 Solution Box 4.5: Methane

 Calculating CO2 emissions:


Electromagnetic Radiation
Greenhouse Effect
Solar Energy for Living Things
(and Biomass Energy)
 Photosynthesis

 Respiration
Food Energy and Human Respiration

 Food input consumed by physical activity


Nuclear Energy
 Energy of atoms:
 a bit of mass is converted to energy: E=mc2
 Unstable radioactive elements:

 Radioactive
decay and half-life:
Emission of alpha,
beta, gamma
radiation
Nuclear fission
Plutonium as a by-product
Nuclear Fusion
 Energy of the stars: Hydrogen

 Deuterium or tritium more likely for us:

but hard to do

but not much


tritium
Electrical Energy
 Forces in the universe: gravity, strong nuclear
(fusion), weak nuclear (fission), electrical
 Electric charge:
 Electric current:
 Electric potential or voltage:
 accumulation of positive and negative charge

1
i= v
 Very similar to heat transfer:
R
Electric Power
Power = voltage x current
= volt x amp = Watt

1
i= v
R
Incandescent Lamp Circuit

1
i= v
R

1
i= v
R

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