Programming languages
Content:
Programming languages
Classification of programming languages
Programming
Interpreter
Compiler
Usage
Programming languages
A programming language is an artificial language
designed to communicate with the machine
Communication is achieved using instructions
Instructions are created using the symbols, digits or
letters
Programming languages
Combinations of symbols, digits and letters form a
code
Often code is written in lines
A program is a list of instructions written in a
programming language that is used to control the
behavior of machine.
Programming languages
Programming language is usually split in two
components:
Syntax - set of rules that define the combinations that
are considered to be correctly structured in that
language
Semantics refers to meaning of languages, as
opposed to their form
Classification of programming
languages
First generation refers to numeric code
Numerical instructions directly corresponding to
individual hardware instructions
The first generation instructions were entered
through the front panel switches of the computer
Classification of programming
languages
The main advantage of the machine code – no
compiling or assembling
Difficult to learn, difficult to find and edit errors, and
add new instructions
Classification of programming
languages
Second generation of programming languages -
assembly languages
They are higher than the first generation
In order to be run on the computer, it has to be
translated into machine code
Classification of programming
languages
Assembly code
Classification of programming
languages
Third generation of programming languages is higher
than assembly languages, closer to the user
Instructions operate at higher level closer to human
way of thinking
To run the code written in the third generation , the
code must be compiled into machine code or into
assembly code
Classification of programming
languages
Code written in C
Interpreter and compiler
Interpreter is a computer program that executes
instructions written in a programming language
Compiler is a computer program or set of programs
that transforms source code written in a
programming language into another computer
language
Programming
Programming is a process of designing, writing,
testing, debugging and maintaining the source code
of computer programs
Designing is a process of solving the problem and
finding a software solution
Software testing
Programming
Debugging is a process of finding and reducing the
number of errors (bugs) in a computer program or a
piece of hardware
Usage
It is difficult to tell which programming languages are
most popular or used
one language can occupy the greater number of
programming hours, another one can have more lines
of code, the third one can utilize the most CPU time
Usage
Methods of measuring language popularity:
counting the number of job advertisements that
mention the language
the number of books sold that teach that language
numbers of code lines written in that language
counting language references found using search
engine
Popularity of Programming Languages
The PopularitY of Programming Language Index is created by
analyzing how often language tutorials are searched on Google.
The more a language tutorial is searched, the more popular the
language is assumed to be. It is a leading indicator. The raw data
comes from Google Trends.
If you believe in collective wisdom, the PYPL Popularity of
Programming Language index can help you decide which
language to study, or which one to use in a new software
project.
April 2021 compared to a year ago
Rank
Change Language Share Trend
1 Python 29.5 % -1.0 %
2 Java 17.51 % -0.6 %
3 JavaScript 8.19 % +0.2 %
4 C# 7.05 % -0.2 %
5 C/C++ 6.73 % +1.0 %
6 PHP 6.23 % +0.0 %
7 R 3.86 % +0.0 %
8 Objective-C 2.77 % +0.3 %
9 TypeScript 1.87 % -0.0 %
10 Swift 1.85 % -0.3 %
11 Kotlin 1.78 % +0.3 %
12 Matlab 1.77 % -0.1 %
