Produce Organic Vegetables

24 Hours (3 Days)

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Produce Organic Vegetables
This unit covers the knowledge, skills and attitude required to:

 Establish nursery
 Plant seedlings
 Perform plant care and management
 Perform harvest and post-harvest activities
Choosing what vegetable to plant
 Lowland adopted vegetables
 Tomato, Eggplant, Hot pepper
Low elevation
 Okra, Sitao, Ampalaya, Watermelon
 Cucucmber, Patola etc.

 Mid Elevation adopted vegetables

 Lettuce, Cauliflower, Cabbage
Mid elevation
 Tomato, Eggplant, Hot pepper
 Okra, Sitao, Ampalaya, Watermelon
 Cucucmber, Patola etc.

 High land adopted vegetables

High elevation
 Broccolli, sweet pea, cauliflower. Cabbage, Carrots
SEED SELECTION
• Know How to select GOOD SEEDS

-Good harvest start with good seed selection. It is essential for the growth of
strong and healthy crops which can resist diseases or even drought.
- Selection of seeds may also based on market preferences such as size of

plant,
color or fruit size, number of grains per ear, among other desirable traits.

REMEMBER!
 NO TO GMOs
 USE CERTIFIED SEED
 SHOULD BE ORDERED AND PURCHASED FROM CERTIFIED ORGANIC
PRODUCERS, OR FROM HEALTHY ORGANIC CROPS
SEED SELECTION
• Undesirable Seeds

 Seeds are too small, spotted, deformed or

discolored.

 It may also lead to spread of virus and

fungal diseases.
Characteristics of good quality seeds
• Do not possess cracks, holes and are not broken.

• Carries desirable characteristics of the parent.

• Germinates and are able to survive until it can produce its own food.

• Can absorb plant food nutrients from the soil.

• Free from mixtures of other varieties.

• Free from seed borne diseases.

• Properly developed
Seed Testing
– This is done to know the purity and the ability to sprout or
germinate
– To find out the purity of the seed, examine them closely

and find out it there are other materials mixed with the

seed. If there are mixtures, then the seed is not pure.

Seeds of particular variety is pure if same seeds produce

plants with same characteristics.

Testing for seed germination
Ways of testing seed germination:
1. Seed box
2. Plate test
3. Rolled towel or Ragdoll Method
4. Seed bed
5. Seed tray
6. Lukong Method

Percentage of seed germination formula

𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒆𝒆𝒅 𝒈𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 % 𝒈𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒆𝒆𝒅 𝒔𝒐𝒘𝒏
Example: 100 seeds are sown, 50 seeds germinated

𝟓𝟎
(%) 𝒈𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟓𝟎%
𝟏𝟎𝟎
Methods of Breaking Dormancy
One of the functions of dormancy is to prevent a seed from ger
minating before it is surrounded by a favorable environment. In some tre
es and shrubs, seed dormancy is difficult to break, even when the environ
ment is ideal. Various treatments are performed on the seed to break dor
mancy and begin germination.

1. Scarification
Seed scarification involves breaking, scratching, or softening the
seed coat so that water can enter and begin the germination process.
2. Stratification
Stratification is the process of treating seeds to simulate natural
conditions that the seed must experience before germination can oc
cur. It can be a hot water or a cold water treatment.
ESTABLISH NURSERY
• CHARACTERISTIC OF AN ORGANIC NURSERY

 Presence of established buffer zone

 Availability of shade/UV screen or transparent plastic
to protect from heavy rain/entry point of insect pest
 Availability of clean and unchlorinated water
 Availability of appropriate concoctions
 Area free from contamination form adjacent areas
 Secured area from astray animals
SEEDBED PREPARATION
• Know how to prepare a SEEDBED
 A SEEDBED or SEEDLING BED is the local soil environm
ent in which seeds are planted

 Often it comprises not only soil but also a specially prepa

red cold frame, hotbed or raised bed used to grow see
dlings in a controlled environment into larger young
plan ts before transplanting them into a garden or field.
COLD FRAME
HOT BED
How to Make a SEEDBED
• Choosing a Location
1. Get to know your climate
If you have a short vegetable growing season, you should make
your seedbed inside a greenhouse. You may need to bring in soil
and compost from outside into your greenhouse.
Choosing a Location
2. Choose a location with plenty of light
Seed required plenty of light and the fewest shadows.
Choosing a Location
3. Pick an area that you can protect from wind, foraging animals and
flooding
If these are big risks in your yard, consider purchasing or making a small plastic
ho
op house in which the seeds can be protected.

4. Don’t choose a plot where you grew tubers or had a heavy weed
problem
The tuber roots and the weeds can crowd out the seedlings.
How to Make a SEEDBED
• Preparing Good Seedbed
1. Clear the area and prepare growth media by mixing:

 Fine Sand, Organic Fertilizer, and Coco Coir at a ratio of

1:1:1 (1 part sand, 1 part OF, and 1 part coco coir)
 Garden soil, Organic Fertilizer, and Carbonized Rice hull
(2:1:1 Ratio) 2-part Garden Soil, 1-part Organic
Fertilizer,
1-part Carbonized Rice Hull
 Ordinary farm soil and organic fertilizer (1:2)
1-part Ordinary Farm Soil, 2-part Organic Fertilizer
Preparing Good Seedbed
2. Prepare the seedling trays

3. Introduction of beneficial microorganisms

(IMO, LABS, EM, …)
4. Accessible to clean and unchlorinated water
5. Strictly record activities
LAND PREPARATION
• Important factors to consider in proper land
preparation

 Soil moisture – don’t prepare the land if

it is too wet (over moisture)
 Weeds – consider the existing weeds
 Available equipment
 Previously planted crop
Tools for Soil Conditioning
Hand Squeeze Test
 PROCEDURES AND PROCESSES
IN PLANTING
In organic gardening, you may follow the traditional way
of planting backyard garden:
 Plow and clean the planting area
 Make raised bed of not more than 1.5 meters in width
 Provide 0.5 meter canal between beds to drains excess water and acces
s space to work on
 Harrow topsoil and rearrange soil layering to make a diversified micro-
organism distribution
 Dig holes and put organic fertilizer at the bottom and cover it with top
soil
 Mix the organic fertilizer and topsoil within the hole and spray with IM
O

SOIL FERTILITY IMPROVEMENT
• How to improve fertility of soil?
 Use of organic fertilizer: BASAL AND FOLIAR APPLICATION
 Spray IMO to the soil to increase the growth of beneficial
organism
 Practice intercropping
 Application of green manure
 Practice crop rotation
 Contour farming to prevent soil erosion
 Practice fallow period
APPLICATION OF BASAL AND FOLIAR FERTILIZER

BASAL FERTILIZER – applied by digging the soil

or mixing it into the soil of prepared bed
before planting the seedling.

FOLIAR FERTILIZER – applied by spraying it

into
the plant leaves
Transplanting
Principle of transplanting seedlings

• When transplanting, practice proper timing and handling.

When?
• During cloudy days in the late afternoon
• Just before or after the rain.
How?
• Carefully place transplant in the hole then fill the hole with soil.
• Gently press the soil around the transplant to assure the contact
of roots with soil.
• Irrigate newly transplanted seedling.
Transplanting
Seedlings to Seed Bed
First: Usually 15 – 21 days, you can already transplant the seedling.

Second: General Rule of the Thumb is when the seedling has already has
three to four true leaves.
Hardening
Plants should gradually “harden” or toughened
. About 10 days, gradually withhold watering but don’t
let the plant wilt and gradually expose them to outside
temperature and direct sun.
Age of seedlings to be transplanted
Crops No. of weeks to transplant
after sowing
Bulb onion 6-7
Lettuce 3-4
Broccoli 4-5
Cabbage 4-5
Cauliflower 4-5
Pechay 8-12 days
Mustard 8-12 days
Radish 4-5
Eggplant 4-6
Sweet pepper 4-6
Tomato 4-6
Watering of Plants
The Best Way to Water
Focus on the root zone. Remember that it's the roots that need
access to water, not the leaves. Wetting the foliage is a waste of
water and can promote the spread of disease.

Water only when needed. Too much water can be just as

damaging to plants as too little.

Water in the morning. If you do get moisture on the leaves, this

gives them time to dry out. It's much more difficult for plant
diseases to get a foothold when the foliage is dry.
Oversupply of water will displace oxygen and will
result in the following

Germination: germination will not proceed because oxygen

is needed.
Vegetative: plants will be stunted and in sever cases, plants
will wilt and die.
Flowering: flowers of plant will be dropped or aborted.
Fruiting: Fruits will be dropped and harvest reduced.
Harvesting: to much water in the cells of watermelon,
ampalaya and tomato will result in cracked fruits
Effects of inadequate supply of water at
various stages
Germination: water is needed to active enzymes necessary during
germination. Germination will not proceed if water is limited.
Vegetative: Water is needed during photosynthesis. Lack of water
limits production of plants food necessary for plant growth-plant
will be stunted.
Flowering: water is needed to develop plant part such as flowers,
water being limited, flowers of plant will be dropped or aborted.
Fruiting: water is nedded to carry calcium from the soil to the
plant part. Water being limited calcium will also limited resulting to
fruit of tomato with blossom end-rot.
Harvesting: water is needed to fill the cells of the plant, water
being limited weight of fruit will be light and shelf life is shortened.
Weed Control and Mulching

• A steel hoe is one of the most effective

weapon in fighting the war against weeds.

• Mulches help retain soil moisture and reduce weed
growth.
Mulching
It is the covering of the soil surface to preve
nt light from reaching the ground.

Rice straw mulch

Paper mulch
Rice hull mulch
Advantages of Mulching

 Control weeds

 Conserve soil moisture

 Conserve soil nutrients

 Prevent attacking insects

 Prevent soil erosion

 Fertilization
Common method of fertilizer application

 Broadcast application

 Band placement

 Basal application

 Side dress application

 Foliar application
Four Rs for efficient use of fertilizer

1.RIGHT KIND
2.RIGTH TIME
3.RIGHT
AMOUNT
4.RIGHT PLACE
PLANT CARE
ACTIVITIES
 Visit the plant everyday and observe presence of pest/s and disease/s
 Water the plant everyday preferably in the
morning
 Weed the plants when needed by hand weeding
 Spray concoction like IMO to make soil healthy because of the princi
ple “feed the soil not the plant”
 Spray IMO and FPJ for FASTER GROWTH
 Spray FAA and CalPhos before flowering
 Spray FFJ to make the fruits healthy and good taste
 Spray OHN/LABS when there are insect pests and diseases observed
 Planting herbs and other insect repellants (ex. Citronella, marigold…)
around the garden
 Practice CROP ROTATION
Controlling Diseases, Insects, and Nematodes
• If not familiar with disease, insects or nematode,

proper treatment is to consult the Extension agent

• Use disease-free seeds and plants and use disease
-resistant varieties.
Common TYPES OF DISEASES for
VEGETABLES

ANTHRACNOSE
BACTERIAL LEAF SPOT
CLUB ROOT
DOWNY MILDEW
BLIGHT
MOSAIC VIRUS
Blossom-End Rot (due to low concentration of calcium)

Late Blight and Mosaic Virus

Powdery Mildew
Common TYPES OF Pests for
VEGETABLES

APHIDS
Whiteflies

Flea Beetles

Tomato Hornworms
 Flea beetles Hornworms

PEST/S: Flea beetles (most common) pest in eggplant but

can also infested by tomato
PEST/S IN Cabbage Aphids
PEST/S: Cabbage Worm

Cutworm Cabbage Root Maggot

Disease/s: Downy Mildew, Leaf spot, club root, Blight
PEST and DISEASES MANAGEMENT
• Prevention
 Maintain sanitation in the field
 Choose healthy and resistant varieties
 Increase population of NEs (Good Insects like Bees) by
planting alternative host plant for NEs
 Plant insect repellant or attractant (amarilyo, cosmos)
 Use sacrificial plant
PEST and DISEASES MANAGEMENT
• Control
 Introduction of micro-organism
 Increase population of NEs by planting alternative host
plant for Nes
 Use parasitoid
 Maintain sanitation in the field
 Plant sacrificial plant
Different ways to control insects

Host Plant Resistance

Physical control
Cultural Control
Pheromones Biological control
1. Host Plant Resistance

Innate capacity of the plant to res

ist insects
 Use of resistant or tolerant variety
2.Physical control
Manual collection of insect pests

Reference: https://www.vegedge.umn.edu/pest-profiles/pests/squash-bug, https://www.lovethegarden.com/learn-grow/tools/pest s-

diseases
3. Cultural Control
 Manipulation of the environment to improve crop
production
 Broad set of management techniques or options which
may be manipulated by farmers to achieve crop
production goals
A. Sanitation
- removal of alternative host ofinsect
pests(weeds)
and other damaged plant parts
B. Crop Rotation
- Planting different crops ( of Different Families)
o
C. Intercropping
- planting different crops ( main crop plus attractant o
r repellant) on the same area on the same time ( crop
season).

D. Used of Traps

Light trap

Reference: https://parkseed.com/large-yellow-sticky-insect-traps-set-of-3-holders-9-strips/p/
E. Repellant

Basil Marigold

Lemongrass
Reference: http://www.e-farmermarket.com/product/basil-leaves/, https://
www.gaiaherbs.com/products/ingredient/804/Marigold
F. Attractant
G. Protective structure

H. Used of Plastic Mulch

Reference: https://www.ebay.com/itm/Plastic-Mulch-Row-Cover-48-x2400ft-1-25mil-Black-Weed-Barrier-Tomato-Watermelon-/221676592413
4. Biological Control
Using beneficial organism to minimize pest
population in a non-damaging level.

Reference: http://permacultureideas.blogspot.com/2014/05/guest-blogger-mike-burns-guide-to.html
 Major insect pests of vegetables
 Fruitfly or putakti

Crop affected
1. Cucurbits (Ampalaya)
2. Solanaceous and legumes
Stage and Part of crop being attacked
3. Fruiting
4. Maggots feed inside the fruit
Management control
5. Monitor the area regularly
6. Maintain good field sanitation
7. Wrap fruit with newspaper or polyethelene sleeves
Reference: http://matirkatha.net/280743/, http://haldhartimes.in/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF-
%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9-42/
Eggplant fruit and shoot borer (butot)
Crop affected
1. Eggplant
Stage and Part of crop being attacked
1. Vegetative Fruiting
2. Feed on the leaves, shoots, flowers and friut
Management control
3. Remove damage and infested fruit and shoots
4. Deep plowing and harrowing to minimize pupation in the soil.

Reference: http://www.nbair.res.in/insectpests/Leucinodes-orbonalis.php
Leaffolder (Maniniklop Dahon)
Crop affected
1. Cucurbits
Stage and Part of crop being attacked
1. Vegetative to Fruiting
2. Larvae feed on the leaves and outer par of the fruit
Management control
3. Monitor the area regularly
4. Remove damaged plant parts and disposed properly

Reference: ttps://www.plantdoctor.eastwestseed.com/insect-pests/leaf-folde
Fruit worm (Tigre)
Crop affected
1. Cucurbits (Ampalaya)
2. Solanaceous
Stage and Part of crop being attacked
3. Early flowering to Fruiting
4. Feed on shoots and fruit
Management control
5. Monitor the area regularly
6. Handpick larvae to reduce the population
7. Remove and disposed properly damaged/infested fruit
8. Deep plowing and harrowing to minimize population in the
soil
Reference: http://www.chemtica.com/site/?p=2959
Aphids (apaya)
Crop affected
1. Cucurbits (Ampalaya)
2. Solanaceous
3. Okra
Stage and Part of crop being attacked
4. Vegetative to Fruiting
5. Feed on the leaves and flower
Management control
6. Prune heavily infested leaves
7. Use plastic mulch to repel Aphids especially in the early stages of the plant

Reference: https://elslandscapeaz.com/aphids-outbreak/
MATURITY INDICES OF VEGETABLE
CROPS
 Textual properties (firmness, tenderness, and to
ughness)
 Color (external or internal)
 Size
 Shape
 Surface structure
 Specific gravity (through flotation technique)
 Compositional factors (acid content or juice co
ntent)
Maturity index for Harvesting
1. Sweet pepper
• 55-65 DAT
• Marketable size
• Mature green to 50% green
• Full, bright and glossy
2. Hot Pepper
• 55-65 DAT
• Marketable size
• Mature green (consider market preference)
• Full, bright and glossy
3. Eggplant
• 55-65 DAT
• Marketable size
• Deep purple
• Full and glossy
Maturity index for Harvesting
4. Tomato
• 55-65 DAT
• Marketable size
• Mature green
• Breaker stage
• Full, bright and glossy
5. Upo
• 45-50 DAT
• Marketable size bright green in color
• With spines
6. Cucumber
• Desirable size
• With spines
• 30-35 DAT
Maturity index for Harvesting
7. Patola
• 45-55 DAT
• Marketable size
• Soft
8. Ampalaya
• 8. 45-55 DAT
• Marketable size
• Full and tender
• Green in color
9. Water melon
• 55-65 DAT
• Change in color in lower part
• Dull sound when tap
• Dry Tendril near fruit stack
10. Squash
• Wax Disapperance
• Dull in color
• 75-90 DAS
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPEs)

 Hat
 Hairnet
 Goggles
 Mask
 Apron
 Gloves
 Boots
 Appropriate clothing
 PROPER HARVESTING and HANDLING
vegetable using the indigenous materials
• Harvest the vegetable EARLY IN THE MORNING or LATE IN
THE AFTERNOON using PRUNING KNIFE
• SEGREGATE the different sizes of vegetables REMOVE
those
that have DEFECTS
• Place it in BAMBOO BASKETS lined with BANANA LEAVES
a
nd/ or USED NEWSPAPERS to prevent rashes
• Transport vegetables at COOL TEMPERATURE or EARLY IN
THE MORNING
 HARVESTING
Harvesting Time
 Harvest vegetables early in the morning or late in the afternoon
using pruning knife
 Leafy vegetables are harvested in the afternoon because leaves
are not brittle.

Harvesting Method
 Hand picking
 Digging/Hand pulling
 Cutting
Post harvest operation
- Post harvest is the final stage of crop production when different activiti
es are done immediately after harvesting to avoid rapid deterioration during transpo
rtation and storage.
Post harvest operation
1. Hauling
2. Cleaning
3. Cooling (Hydro-cooling)
4. Sorting/Grading
5. Trimming
6. Bunching
7. Packing/Packaging
8.Storing
9.Transportin
g
Mode of Transportation
1. Tricycle 2. 3. Truck
Jeep
RECORDS INCLUDED IN INVENTORY
OF PRODUTS HARVESTED
 Name of the Farmer
 Location
 Date harvested
 Plot number
 Volume harvested
 Date of delivery
 Cost and Return Analysis
Formulas:

Profit Return – Costs (In Pesos)

Return Harvest(kg) x Price (In
Break even price Cost/Harvest Pesos)
(Peso/kg)
Market price (Cost+Expected Profit)/Harvest
Return on investment (Net Income/costs)x100%
Implementing PNS on Organic Vegetables
Production
An “organic operational manual” should be prepared and strictly follow
ed by the producer. The internal organic standard (IOS) embodied there
in must be the same or even more strict than the standards in the PNS.
The IOS must include minimum requirements on:

 Conversion period (3 years for irrigated rice field, cornfield, others ;

1 year for pastural land)
 Choice of varieties
 Crop rotation and soil management practices
 Fertilization policy
 Production of organic fertilizer in the farm
 Insect pests, diseases and weed management
 Use of growth regulators
 Pollution control
 Soil and water conservation, and
 Diversity in crop production
 SOLVING ROUTINAL PROBLEMS IN
ORGANIC VEGETABLE PRODUCTION
 USE THE PDCA (Plant, Check, Do, and Act) approach through the following
steps
PLAN
- Problem description
- Breakdown the problem with the 5W’s and 2H’s
- Point the cause, setting target
- Containment
CHECk
- Effect confirmation

DO
- Follow-up action, corrective action, and

ACT
-Share the successfully implemented action