POLIOMYELISTIS
Here is where our presentation begins
Group Members
Aima Javed 5942
Summaya Ayaz 6123
Rubab Hasan 6155
Amara Khalid 6223
Bareera Nudrat 6140
01 Introduction 03 Types of
poliomyelitis
TABLE OF
CONTENT
02 Causative 04 Symptoms
agent
05 Transmission 07 Risk
factors
TABLE OF
CONTENT
06 Types of 08 Diagnosis
virus
Treatment and
09 Prevention 11 Management
TABLE OF
CONTENT
10 Life cycle
INTRODUCTION 01
INTRODUCTION
“Poliomyelitis” comes from Greek word Gray,
polio and myelo, meaning spinal cord. The
Latin suffix it is refers to inflammatory
diseases.
● Polio= gray matter
● Myelitis= inflammation of the spinal cord.
● It is commonly called polio.
INTRODUCTION
• This disease results in the destruction of motor
neurons caused by the poliovirus.
• Polio is caused by virus that attacks the nerve cells
of the brain and spinal cord although not all
infections result in severe injuries and paralysis.
• The disease spreads from one person to other
and can infect a person’s spinal cord, causing
paralysis.
Causative
agent
02
Causative Agent
• Poliomyelitis is caused by poliovirus
• It is a human non-enveloped RNA
enterovirus and member of the family
Picornavirus.
• A specific protein receptor on susceptible
human cells (CD155) allows the attachment
and entry of poliovirus.
•
Causative Agent
• The virus infects cells of the oropharynx, the
tonsils, the lymph nodes of the neck, and the
small intestines.
• Infection progresses through cycles of virus
replication.
• Once infection is established in the
gastrointestinal tract, poliovirus can invade
the central nervous system by penetrating
the blood/brain barrier or by spreading
along nerve fibers.
Types and
symptoms of 03 & 04
poliomyelitis
Types of Poliomyelitis
Subclinical Abortive Non-Paralytic
poliomyelitis poliomyelitis poliomyelitis
Paralytic Polio Post-polio
poliomyelitis encephalitis syndrome
• Spinal poliomyelitis
• Bulbar poliomyelitis
Subclinical poliomyelitis
• In most people with a normal immune system,
poliovirus infection is asymptomatic.
• Patients with subclinical poliomyelitis often acquire
active immunity against future infections, caused by
the same viral strain.
Abortive Poliomyelitis
• Abortive poliomyelitis is a mild form of poliomyelitis, often
presenting with symptoms of:
i. gastroenteritis, such as: fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or
constipation;
ii. or symptoms of acute respiratory infection, such as: fever,
headache, and sore throat.
• It causes flu-like and intestinal symptoms.
• It only lasts a few days and doesn’t cause long-lasting issues.
Non-Paralytic Poliomyelitis
• Patients with this form of poliomyelitis often present with
symptoms of non-paralytic meningitis, such as:
i. fever; headache; vomiting; lethargy; irritability; neck, back,
abdominal and upper or lower limb pain.
ii. Muscle spasm usually occurs in the neck, back and hamstring
muscles.
• It causes more symptoms than abortive poliomyelitis and
may require you to stay in the hospital.
Paralytic Poliomyelitis
Patients with paralytic poliomyelitis present with the
same symptoms as those of the non-paralytic form.
Additional symptoms in the paralytic form include:
muscle weakness; asymmetrical paralysis;
muscle atrophy; tremors; and skeletal deformities.
Spinal Poliomyelitis
This form of the disease affects the muscles supplied by
spinal nerves.
Bulbar Poliomyelitis
This form of the disease affects the muscles supplied by
cranial nerves. Encephalitis may also occur in this form.
Spinal and bulbar polio
can appear together
(bulbospinal polio). Less
than 1% of people with
polio get paralytic
poliomyelitis
Polio Encephalitis
It is a rare type of polio that mostly affects infants. It
causes brain swelling.
Post-Polio Syndrome
It is when symptoms of polio come back years after a
polio infection.
Transmission 05
Transmission
1. Oral route:
• Direct droplet infection.
• Personal contact with an infected person which facilitate the
spread of infection.
2. Faeco-oral route:
• Through contaminated foods. Vehicles include milk, water, or any
other that me contaminated by handling, flies, dust.
• Hand to mouth infection.
Classification
of virus
06
Classification of virus
Three related enteroviruses
• Type 1= most typically causes outbreaks
• most likely to cause paralysis
• Type 2= easiest to eradicate
• Type 3= often lasts to be eradicated
less virulent than type 1 but causes
paralysis
Risk factors
07
Risk factors
• It is highly infectious disease that most commonly
affects children under the age of 5.
• Elderly.
• Living with an infected person.
• Compromised immune system.
• Lack of immunization against polio.
• Extreme stress or strenuous activity.
• Travel to an area that has experienced a polio
outbreak.
Diagnosis 08
Diagnosis
• Serologic testing
• Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis
• Growth in the culture media
• Stool testing
Prevention 09
There are two ways to get
protected from polio virus
• Vaccination
• Personal hygiene
Vaccination
There are two types of vaccine that can prevent polio:
• Inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) given as an injection
in the leg or arm, depending on the patient’s age. Only
IPV has been used in the United States since 2000.
• Oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) is still used throughout
much of the world.
Polio vaccine protects children by preparing their
bodies to fight the poliovirus.
Almost all children (more than 99 percent) who get all
the recommended doses of the inactivated polio
vaccine will be protected from polio.
Personal Hygiene
It is also very important to practice good hand hygiene
and wash hands often with soap and water. Note that
alcohol-based hand sanitizers do not kill poliovirus.
Life cycle 10
Life cycle of poliovirus
Treatment and
Management 11
Treatment and Management
Because no cure for polio exists, the focus is on increasing
comfort, speeding recovery and preventing complications
supportive treatment include.
• Pain relievers or analgesics (such as acetaminophen) and
antibiotics for urinary tract infections and antispasmatic.
• Moderate exercise (physical therapy) to prevent deformity
and loss of muscles function and prolonged rehabilitation
including braces splint or surgery to recover muscle strength
and function.
• Portable ventilators to assist breathing.
• Hot packs for heating pads (for muscle pain).
• Hospitalization (who developed paralytic poliomyelitis)
• Catheterization of distended bladder may be necessary.
• Encourage oral intake of food and fluid.
• Physiotherapy may be necessary.
• A mobility aid such as a cane, wheelchair, or electric
scooter.
• Pulmonary rehabilitation.
• Prevent fluid retention by putting patient on its
stomach.
1. Today, kids often get four doses of the IPV vaccine, one
dose (0.5mL) each at ages:(Ipol, Kinrix, Pediarix, Pentacel,
Quadracel)
• 2 months
• 4 months
• Between 6 and 18 months
• Between 4 and 6 years
2. Oral polio vaccine:(Oral Varelon)
3 doses course, each dose (2-3 drops) given orally (0.1mL) at
an interval of 6-8 weeks.
Primary dose schedule of IPV along with OPV:
At birth OPV
At 6 week OPV+IPV
At 10 week OPV+IPV
At 14 week OPV+IPV
At 15-18 months OPV+IPV
At 4-5 years OPV
References
• https://medex.com.bd/generics/1210/inactivated-polio-vaccine
• https://www.slideshare.net/liezlejoyg/poliomyelitis-15120193
• https://medex.com.bd/generics/1209/oral-polio-vaccine
• https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15655-polio
• https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Polio_classification
https://www.slideshare.net/leehimangsu13/poliomyelitis-53216812
THANKS
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