HỌC VIỆN HÀNG KHÔNG VIỆT NAM

Khoa Điện – Điện Tử

HỌC PHẦN

ĐIỆN TỬ SỐ
Giảng viên: TS. NGUYỄN HỮU CHÂN THÀNH
Chapter 1 – Number Systems and Codes
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Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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 1-1 Binary to Decimal Conversion

• Convert binary to decimal by summing the

positions that contain a 1:

• An example with a greater number of bits:

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 Chapter 1 Objectives

• Selected areas covered in this chapter:

– Converting between number systems.
• Decimal, binary, hexadecimal.
– Advantages of the hexadecimal number system.
• Counting in hexadecimal.
– Representing decimal numbers using the BCD code.
• Pros and cons of using BCD.
• Differences between BCD and straight binary.
– Purpose of alphanumeric codes such as ASCII code.
– Parity method for error detection.
• Determine the parity bit to be attached to a digital data
string.

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 1-1 Binary to Decimal Conversion

• The double-dabble method avoids addition of large

numbers:
– Write down the left-most 1 in the binary number.
– Double it and add the next bit to the right.
– Write down the result under the next bit.
– Continue with steps 2 and 3 until finished with
the binary number.

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 1-1 Binary to Decimal Conversion

• Binary numbers verify the double-dabble method:

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 1-1 Binary to Decimal Conversion

• Reverse process described in 2-1.

–Note that all positions must be accounted for.

• Another example:

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 1-2 Decimal to Binary Conversion

Repeated
Division
Divide the decimal
number by 2.
Write the remainder
after each division
until a quotient of
zero is obtained.
The first remainder
is the LSB.
The last is the MSB.

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 1-2 Decimal to Binary Conversion

Repeated
Division
This flowchart
describes the
process and can
be used to convert
from decimal to
any other number
system.

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Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 10e
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Problems

22
 1-3 Hexadecimal Number System

• Convert 3710 to binary:

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 1-3 Hexadecimal Number System

• Hexadecimal allows convenient handling of long binary

strings, using groups of 4 bits—Base 16
– 16 possible symbols: 0-9 and A-F

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 1-3 Hexadecimal Number System

Relationships between
hexadecimal, decimal,
and binary numbers.

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 1-3 Hexadecimal Number System – Hex to Decimal

• Convert from hex to decimal by multiplying

each hex digit by its positional weight.

• In a 2nd example, the value 10 was substituted

for A and 15 substituted for F.

For practice, verify that 1BC216 is equal to 710610

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 1-3 Hexadecimal Number System – Decimal to Hex

• Convert from decimal to hex by using the

repeated division method used for decimal
to binary conversion.
• Divide the decimal number by 16
– The first remainder is the LSB—the last is the MSB.

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Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
 1-3 Hexadecimal Number System – Decimal to Hex

• Convert 42310 to hex:

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 1-3 Hexadecimal Number System – Decimal to Hex

• Convert 21410 to hex:

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 1-3 Hexadecimal Number System – Hex to Binary

• Leading zeros can be added to the left of the MSB

to fill out the last group.

For practice, verify that BA616 = 1011101001102

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 1-3 Hexadecimal Number System – Binary to Hex

• Convert from binary to hex by grouping bits in four

starting with the LSB.
– Each group is then converted to the hex equivalent
• The binary number is grouped into groups of four
bits & each is converted to its equivalent hex digit.

For practice, verify that 101011111 2 = 15F16

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 1-3 Hexadecimal Number System – Decimal to Hex to Binary

• Convert decimal 378 to a 16-bit binary number

by first converting to hexadecimal.

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 1-3 Hexadecimal Number System

To perform conversions
between hex & binary, it
is necessary to know the
four-bit binary numbers
(0000 - 1111), and their
equivalent hex digits.

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 1-3 Hexadecimal Number System – Counting in Hex

• When counting in hex, each digit position can

be incremented (increased by 1) from 0 to F.
– On reaching value F, it is reset to 0, and the
next digit position is incremented.

Example:
38,39,3A,3B,3C,3D,3E,3F,40,41,42
When there is a 9 in a digit position, it
becomes an A when it is incremented.

With three hex digits, we can count from 000 16 to FFF16

which is 010 to 409510 — a total of 4096 = 163 values.

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 1-4 BCD Code

• Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) is a widely used

way to present decimal numbers in binary form.
– Combines features of both decimal and binary
systems.
• Each digit is converted to a binary equivalent.
• BCD is not a number system.
– It is a decimal number with each digit encoded
to its binary equivalent.
• A BCD number is not the same as a straight
binary number.
– The primary advantage of BCD is the relative
ease of converting to and from decimal.
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 1-4 BCD Code

• Convert the number 87410 to BCD:

– Each decimal digit is represented using 4 bits.
• Each 4-bit group can never be greater than 9.

• Reverse the process to convert BCD to decimal.

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Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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 1-4 BCD Code

• Convert 0110100000111001 (BCD) to its

decimal equivalent.

Divide the BCD number into four-bit

groups and convert each to decimal.

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 1-4 BCD Code

• Convert 0110100000111001 (BCD) to its

decimal equivalent.

Divide the BCD number into four-bit

groups and convert each to decimal.

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 1-4 BCD Code

• Convert BCD 011111000001 to its decimal

equivalent.

The forbidden group represents

an error in the BCD number.

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Problems

40
Problems

41
Problems

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Problems

43
 1-5 The Gray Code

• The Gray code is used in applications where

numbers change rapidly.
– Only one bit changes from each value to the next.

Three bit binary

and Gray code
equivalents.

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 1-5 The Gray Code

Binary to Gray Gray to Binary

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 1-5 The Gray Code

An eight-position,
three-bit shaft
encoder

These devices produce a binary

value that represents the position
of a rotating mechanical shaft.

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Problems

47
 1-6 Putting It All Together

Decimal numbers 1 – 15 in binary, hex, BCD, Gray

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 1-7 The Byte, Nibble, and Word

• Most microcomputers handle and store binary

data and information in groups of eight bits.
– 8 bits = 1 byte.
• A byte can represent numerous types of data/information.

• Binary numbers are often broken into groups

of four bits.
– Because a group of four bits is half as big as a
byte, it was named a nibble.
• A word is a group of bits that represents a
certain unit of information.
– Word size can be defined as the number of bits
in the binary word a digital system operates on.
• PC word size is eight bytes (64 bits).
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Problems

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 1-8 Alphanumeric Codes

• Represents characters and functions found on

a computer keyboard.
– 26 lowercase & 26 uppercase letters, 10 digits,
7 punctuation marks, 20 to 40 other characters.
• ASCII – American Standard Code for Information
Interchange.
– Seven bit code: 27 = 128 possible code groups
– Examples of use: transfer information between
computers; computers & printers; internal storage.

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 1-8 Alphanumeric Codes

ASCII – American Standard Code

for Information Interchange

See the entire table on page 49 of your textbook.

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Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
 1-9 Parity Method for Error Detection

• Binary data and codes are frequently moved

between locations:
– Digitized voice over a microwave link.
– Storage/retrieval of data from magnetic/optical disks.
– Communication between computer systems
over telephone lines, using a modem.

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 1-9 Parity Method for Error Detection

• Electrical noise can cause errors during

transmission.
– Spurious fluctuations in voltage or current present
in all electronic systems.

• Many digital systems employ methods for error

detection—and sometimes correction.
– One of the simplest and most widely used schemes
for error detection is the parity method.
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Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
 1-9 Parity Method for Error Detection

• The parity method of error detection requires the

addition of an extra bit to a code group.
– Called the parity bit, it can be either a 0 or 1,
depending on the number of 1s in the code group.
• There are two parity methods, even and odd.
– The transmitter and receiver must “agree” on
the type of parity checking used.
• Even seems to be used more often.

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 1-9 Parity Method for Error Detection

• Even parity method—the total number of bits in

a group including the parity bit must add up to
an even number.
– The binary group 1 0 1 1 would require the addition
of a parity bit 1, making the group 1 1 0 1 1.
1
• The parity bit may be added at either end of a group.

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Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved
 1-9 Parity Method for Error Detection

• Odd parity method—the total number of bits in a

group including the parity bit must add up to an
odd number.
– The binary group 1 1 1 1 would require the addition
of a parity bit 1, making the group 1 1 1 1 1.
1

The parity bit becomes a part of the code word.

Adding a parity bit to the seven-bit ASCII
code produces an eight-bit code.

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Problems

58
Problems

59
Problems

60
 1-10 Applications

• When ASCII characters are transmitted there

must be a way to tell the receiver a new
character is coming.
– There is often a need to detect errors in the
transmission as well.
• The method of transfer is called asynchronous
data communication.

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 1-10 Applications

• An ASCII character must be “framed” so the

receiver knows where the data begins and ends.
– The first bit must always be a start bit (logic 0).
• ASCII code is sent LSB first and MSB last.
– After the MSB, a parity bit is appended to check
for transmission errors.
– Transmission is ended by sending a stop bit (logic 1).

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END
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