Cardiopulmonary
Resuscitation
Gabrielle Balane
Madezel Guiriba
Discussants
C.P.R.
is a lifesaving technique useful in many emergencies, including heart
attack or near drowning, in which someone's breathing or heartbeat
has stopped
consists of mouth-to-mouth respirations and chest compressions. CPR
allows oxygenated blood to circulate to vital organs such as the brain
and heart.
can keep a person alive until more advanced procedures (such as
defibrillation - an electric shock to the chest) can treat the cardiac
arrest.
CPR started by a bystander doubles the likelihood of survival for
victims of cardiac arrest.
Advice from the American Heart Association:
• Untrained. If you're not trained in CPR, then provide hands-
only CPR. That means uninterrupted chest compressions of 100
to 120 a minute until paramedics arrive. You don't need to try
rescue breathing.
• Trained and ready to go. If you're well-trained and confident
in your ability, check to see if there is a pulse and breathing. If
there is no breathing or a pulse within 10 seconds, begin chest
compressions. Start CPR with 30 chest compressions before
giving two rescue breaths.
• Trained but rusty. If you've previously received CPR training
but you're not confident in your abilities, then just do chest
compressions at a rate of 100 to 120 a minute.
Before starting CPR, CHECK:
• Is the environment safe for the person?
• Is the person conscious or unconscious?
• If the person appears unconscious, tap or shake his or her
shoulder and ask loudly, "Are you OK?"
• If the person doesn't respond and two people are available,
one should call 911 or the local emergency
number
• If you are alone and have immediate access to a telephone,
call 911 or your local emergency number, before beginning
CPR. Get the AED, if one is available.
• As soon as an AED is available, deliver one shock if
instructed by the device, then begin CPR.
C-A-B
The American Heart Association uses the acronym of CAB —
compressions, airway, breathing — to help people remember the order to
perform the steps of CPR.
COMPRESSIONS: Restore blood circulation
1) Put the person on his or her back on a firm surface.
2) Kneel next to the person's neck and shoulders.
3) Place the heel of one hand over the center of the person's chest,
between the nipples. Place your other hand on top of the first hand. Keep
your elbows straight and position your shoulders directly above your
hands
4) Use your upper body weight (not just your arms) as you push straight
down on (compress) the chest at least 2 inches (approximately 5
centimeters) but not greater than 2.4 inches (approximately 6
centimeters). Push hard at a rate of 100 to 120 compressions a minute.
5) If you haven't been trained in CPR, continue chest compressions until
there are signs of movement or until emergency medical personnel take
over. If you have been trained in CPR, go on to opening the airway and
rescue breathing.
AIRWAY: Open the airway
• If you're trained in CPR and you've performed 30 chest
compressions, open the person's airway using the head-tilt,
chin-lift maneuver. Put your palm on the person's forehead
and gently tilt the head back. Then with the other hand,
gently lift the chin forward to open the airway.
Breathing: Breathe for the person
1) With the airway open (using the head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver),
pinch the nostrils shut for mouth-to-mouth breathing and cover the
person's mouth with yours, making a seal.
2) Prepare to give two rescue breaths. Give the first rescue breath —
lasting one second — and watch to see if the chest rises. If it does
rise, give the second breath. If the chest doesn't rise, repeat the head-
tilt, chin-lift maneuver and then give the second breath. Thirty chest
compressions followed by two rescue breaths is considered one cycle.
Be careful not to provide too many breaths or to breathe with too
much force.
3) Resume chest compressions to restore circulation.
4) As soon as an automated external defibrillator (AED) is available,
apply it and follow the prompts. Administer one shock, then resume
CPR — starting with chest compressions — for two more minutes
before administering a second shock. If you're not trained to use an
AED, a 911 or other emergency medical operator may be able to
guide you in its use. If an AED isn't available, go to step 5 below.
5) Continue CPR until there are signs of movement or emergency
medical personnel take over.
CPR AGE CATEGORIES
ADULT Puberty and Higher
CHILD 1-Onset of Puberty
INFANT 0-1
ADULT CPR
IN THREE SIMPLE STEPS
1. CALL
• Check the victim for
unresponsiveness. If there is no
response, “Call 911 and Get the
AED” and return to the victim. In
most locations the emergency
dispatcher can assist you with CPR
instructions.
ADULT CPR
IN THREE SIMPLE STEPS
2. COMPRESS CHEST
• Begin chest compressions. Push
down on the chest at least 2 inches (5
cm) 30 times right between the
nipples. Pump at the rate of 100-120
minute. Allow for complete chest
recoil after each compression.
Minimize interruptions in chest
compressions.
ADULT CPR
IN THREE SIMPLE STEPS
3. AIRWAY AND BREATHING
• Tilt the head back and lift the
chin. If not breathing, pinch nose
and cover the mouth with yours
and blow until you see the chest
rise. Give 2 breaths. Each breath
should take 1 second.
ADULT CPR
IN THREE SIMPLE STEPS
• CONTINUE WITH 2 BREATHS
AND 30 COMPRESSIONS (5
Cycles) UNTIL HELP ARRIVES
NOTE: This ratio is for one-person
& two-person CPR. In two-person
CPR the person pumping the chest
stops while the other gives mouth-to-
mouth breathing.
CHILD CPR
• CPR for children is similar to performing CPR for adults. There are,
however, 3 differences:
1) If you are alone with the child give 5 cycles (2 minutes) of CPR before
calling 911.
2) Use the heel of one hand for chest compressions. The compression rate
is 100-120/minute.
3) The compression depth is at least 1/3 of the anterior-posterior diameter
of the chest (about 2 inches).
•Give 30 Compressions INFANT CPR
- Give 30 gentle chest compressions at the
rate of at least 100-120minute. Position
your 3rd and 4th fingers in the center of the
chest half an inch below the nipples. The
compression depth is at least 1/3 of the
anterior-posterior diameter of the chest
(approximately 1 ½ inches).
•Repeat
- Repeat with 2 breaths and 30
compressions. After five cycles, if you are
alone, call 911 and continue the sequence.
INFANT CPR
• Open The Airway
- Open the airway using a head tilt lifting of
chin. Do not tilt the head too far back.
• Give 2 Gentle Puffs
- If the baby is NOT breathing give 2 small
gentle puffs. Cover the baby's mouth
and nose with your mouth. Each breath
should be 1 second long. You should see
the baby's chest rise with each breath.
C. P. R. Terminology
•Abnormal Breathing
- Remember a person in cardiac arrest may have abnormal breathing for
a couple of minutes. This abnormal breathing is called "agonal
respiration" and is the result of the brain's breathing center sending out
signals even though circulation has ceased. The key point is that the
abnormal breathing may sound like grunting, gasping or snoring. It
disappears in 2-3 minutes. If you see this type of breathing DO NOT
delay CPR. The person desperately needs air and only you can provide it.
C. P. R. Terminology
•Pushing on the Chest
- In general the chest should be pushed down about 2 inches. Sometimes
you may hear a cracking sound. Do not be alarmed. The sound is caused
by cartilage or ribs cracking. Even if this occurs the damage is not
serious. The risk of delaying CPR or not doing CPR is far greater than
the risk of a broken rib.
