COMPRESSION AND BENDING

P-M INTERACTION CURVE

Submitted to Submitted by
Dr. SENTHIL KUMAR R 203221006 - BRAMHANJAI KRUSHNA VIJAY
203221018 - RAMPALLY MEGHA SHYAM
203221019 - REGALLA TEJASWI
203221026 - VANAMA SAI DHANUSH
203221028 - AVINASH RAJ
What is P-M interaction curve
•  Interaction diagram is a visual representation of the combined loads
(Moment and axial)
• A curve that shows the possible combination of moment and
• axial load
That cause failure to a given cross section

Generally, columns, poles and foundation piles are subjected

to axial compressive load as well as bending moments both.

Prestressed columns and piles

• Prestressing is not beneficial for members under axial compression.
• However, most compression members, such as long columns and piles, are subjected to
bending moments and axial forces due to handling.
• Even in axially loaded columns, the external loads are rarely concentric. As a result, the
concrete section is subjected to tension at the side farthest from the line of action of the
longitudinal load. The cracking that develops can be prevented by prestress in the columns.
• Precast prestressed piles have the following advantages
1) Large bending and axial tension capacities.
2) Better quality control than bored and CIP piles.
3) Section remains uncracked under service loads ⇒ Increased durability.
4) Use of high strength concrete gives reduced section.
ANALYSIS
1)Analysis at Transfer :

The stress in the section fc =

A = Area of concrete
Pₒ = prestress at transfer after short-term losses

• prestressing force is concentric with the cross-section

• compressive stress is considered to be positive
• permissible prestress and the cross-section area are determined based on the stress to be
within the allowable stress at transfer(fcc, all)
2) Analysis at Service Loads
The analysis is similar to members under flexure. The stresses in the extreme fibers can be
calculated as follows

fc =
(In this equation, the external compression for a prestressed member is denoted as N and is concentric with the cross section. The
eccentricity is considered in the external moment M)

A = Area of concrete
Aₜ = Area of the transformed section
C = Distance of the extreme fiber from the centroid (CGC)
Iₜ = Moment of inertia of the transformed section
Pₑ = Effective prestress

The value of fc should be within the allowable stress under service conditions(fcc, all)
3) Analysis at ultimate

• In a member under axial compression and moment if the average prestress is less than
2.5 N/mm2 , Clause 22.2, IS:1343 - 1980, recommends to analyse the member as a
reinforced concrete member, neglecting the effect of prestress.
• For higher prestress, the analysis of strength is done by the interaction diagrams.

• At the ultimate limit state, an interaction diagram relates the axial force capacity (N uR)

and the moment capacity (MuR). It represents a failure envelop.

• Any combination of factored external loads Nu and Mu that fall within the interaction

diagram is safe.
 The area shaded inside gives

combinations of Mu and Nu that are safe .

• The radial line in the previous sketch represents the load path.
At any load stage, M and N are related as follows,

M = Nen

• Here, en represents the eccentricity of N which generates the same moment M.

• The slope of the radial line represents the inverse of the eccentricity (1/en).
MODES OF FAILURE

The primary modes of failure observed in short prestressed concrete columns are similar to those
of reinforced concrete columns are listed as 4 categories .

1.COMPRESSION FAILURE(CONCENTRIC):
This type of failure mode develops under concentric loads. This section is considered to
have failed when the concrete strain Ɛ0 reaches a value 0.002

2.COMPRESSION FAILURE (SMALL ECCENTRICITY):

The failure mode develops when extreme fiber strain Ɛcu in concrete reaches 0.003 while strain
in prestressing steel is below yield strain. Here e < eb. Occurs for For high values of N as compared
to M.
3. BALANCED FAILURE:
This failure develops when there is simultaneous tension yielding of pre-stressing steel
and crushing of concrete

4.INITIAL TENSION FAILURE:

In this failure steel yields prior to crushing of concrete. Here e > e b Occurs for high
values of M as compared to N
DESIGN
Several sets of and for given values of or xu are calculated. The distance of
neutral axis from the extreme compressive face is denoted as xu.

B
B = Dimension of section transverse to bending
D = Dimension of section in the direction of bending
Ap1 = Area of prestressing tendons at the tension face 𝑑1 𝑑2
𝐴𝑝1 𝐴𝑝2
Ap2 = Area of prestressing tendons at the compression face
d1, d2 = Distances of centers of ap1 and ap2 respectively
from the centroid of the section (CGC)
•  The strain compatibility equation is necessary to relate the strain in a prestressing tendon

with that of the adjacent concrete.

• With time, the strain increases due to the effects of creep and shrinkage.
• At service, after the long-term losses, let the strain be .
• Also, let the strain in the prestressing steel due to effective prestress be .

The strain compatibility equation for the prestressed tendons is given below.
= +∆
Where ∆ = -
 The strain difference of the strain in a prestressing tendon with that of the adjacent
concrete is denoted as ∆. The design stress-strain curve for concrete under compression
is used. The design stress-strain curve for the prestressed tendon under tension is
expressed as = Ep().

• The calculation of and for typical cases of or xu are illustrated.

The typical cases are as follows.

1)Pure compression ( = 0, xu = )
2)Full section under varying compression (0.05D < ≤ │xu = D , xu ≥ D)
3)Part of section under tension ( │xu = D < ≤ , xu < D)
4)Pure bending ( = , xu = )
1. Pure compression (

0.447 Fck(Ag - Ap)

𝑻 𝒖 𝟏=𝑻 𝒖 𝟐= 𝑨 𝒑 𝟏 𝑭 𝒑 𝟏
¿ 𝑨 𝒑 𝟏 𝑬 𝒑 (− 𝟎 .𝟎𝟎𝟐+∆ 𝜺𝒑 )
The steel is in the elastic range. The total area of prestressing steel is

Ap = Ap1 + Ap2

The area of the gross-section Ag = BD. The moment and axial force capacities are
as follows.
=0
= Cu – Tu1 – Tu2
= 0.447fck (Ag – Ap) – Ap Ep ( – 0.002 – )
(In design, for simplification the interaction diagram is not used for eccentricities ≤ 0.05D.
To approximate the effect of the corresponding moment, the axial force capacity is reduced by 10%)

= 0.4fck (Ag – Ap) – 0.9Ap Ep ( – 0.002 + )

2. Full section under varying compression (0.05D < ≤ │xu = D , xu ≥ D)

Sketches for analysis for section under varying compression

The limiting case for full section under compression corresponds to xu = D,
(when the neutral axis lies at the left edge of the section)

The strain diagram pivots about a value of – 0.002 (at 3/7D from the extreme compression face).
To calculate Cu,
.
g = 0.447fck

g = 0.447 fck
The area of the complementary sector of the stress block is given as follow

A SECTOR = = gD

X’
g

4/7 D

Distance o centroid from apex (X’) = ()() D

= ()D
Cu = (0.447fckD – Asector)B
= (0.447fckD – 4/7 g D )B

Cu = 0.447fck BD

TU1 = AP1fP1 = AP1EPεP1

Tu1 = Ap1Ep (εc1 + ∆εp )
= Ap1Ep

TU2 = AP2 Ep2 = AP2 EP εP2 = AP2 Ep (εC2 + ∆εp )

= Ap2Ep
The strains in the concrete at the level of the pre-stressing steels εc1 and εc2 are
determined from the similarity of triangles of the following strain profile.

The moment and axial force capacities are as follows.

NuR = Cu – Tu1 – Tu2

MuR = Mc + Mp

MC = 0.447fCK DB0 + ASECTOR B [X’ + – ]

=B A strain profile across section

MP = TU1d1 – TU2d2
3. Part of section under tension (eN │Xu = D < , eN ≤ ∞, Xu < D)

Cu = 0.36fck xu B

Tu1 = Ap1 fp1 = Ap1 F (εp1) = Ap1 F (εc1+ ∆εp)

Tu2 = Ap2 fp2 = Ap2 Ep εp2 = Ap2 Ep (εc2+ ∆εp)

The strains εc1 and εc2 are calculated from the similarity of
triangles of the following strain diagram.
The moment and axial force capacities are as follows.

NuR = Cu – Tu1 – Tu2

MuR = Mc + Mp

The expressions of Mc and Mp about the centroid are as follows.

Mc = 0.36fck Xu B [ – 0.42 Xu ]
Mp = Tu1d1 – Tu2d2

The lever arms of the forces are shown in the following sketch. The
location of Cu is similar to that of a reinforced concrete section.
4. Pure bending (eN = ∞, Xu = Xu, min)
The value of Xu is determined by trial and error from the condition that the sum of the forces is zero.

Cu – Tu1 – Tu2 = 0
0.36fck Xu B – Ap1 fp1 – Ap2 fp2 = 0

Xu =

The strains εp1 and εp2 are calculated from the strain compatibility equations. The strain εp2 is within the elastic
range, whereas εp1 may be outside the elastic range. The stresses fp1 and fp2 are calculated accordingly from the
stress versus strain relationship of pre-stressing steel
The steps for solving Xu are as follows .
1) Assume Xu = 0.15 D (say).
2) Determine εp1 and εp2 from strain compatibility.
3) Determine fp1 and fp2 from stress versus strain relationship.
4) Calculate Xu
5) Compare Xu with the assumed value. Iterate till convergence
The moment and axial force capacities are as follows.

NuR = 0
MuR = Mc + Mp
The expressions of Mc and Mp are same as the previous case.

5. Axial tension
The moment and axial force capacities are as follows. The cracked
concrete is neglected in calculating the axial force capacity.

NuR = – 0.87fpk Ap
MuR = 0
The above sets of NuR and MuR are joined to get the interaction diagram.
EFFECT OF PRESTRESSING FORCE

 Along with the interaction curve for the pre-stressed concrete (PC) section, the
interaction curves for two reinforced concrete (RC) sections are plotted. The
section denoted as RC 1 has the same moment capacity at zero axial force.
 The section denoted as RC 2 has the same axial force capacity at zero moment.
 The gross section of RC 1 is same as that of PC, but the section of RC 2 is
smaller.

Interaction diagrams for reinforced and prestressed sections Interaction of moment and tension for cracking and strength
 Comparing the curves for PC and RC 2, it is observed that if the moment demand is small, then a
smaller reinforced concrete section is adequate to carry the axial force.
Of course, with increasing moment, the flexural capacity of the pre-stressed
concrete section is higher.
 Comparing the curves for PC and RC 1, it is inferred that for two sections with same flexural
capacities, the axial load capacity of a pre-stressed concrete section is less. However, if there is
tension, the cracking load combination is higher for PC as compared to RC 1.

Thus, prestressing is beneficial for strength when there is occurrence of

a) Large moment in addition to compression
b) Moment along with tension.

Such situations arise in piles or columns subjected to seismic forces. In presence of tension,
prestressing is beneficial at service loads due to reduced cracking. Non-prestressed
reinforcement may be used for supplemental capacity.
REFERENCES:

1. Prestressed concrete by N Krishna Raju

2. NPTEL
Contributions
AVINASH RAJ- Introducton
Advantages of prestress concrete column
BRAMHANJAI KRUSHNA VIJAY
- Analysis
VANAMA SAI DHANUSH
- Design and development of interaction curve
REGALLA TEJASWI
- Design and Example
RAMPALLY MEGHA SHYAM
- Design and effect of prestressing force
THANK Y U