In Situ Conservation

ES 7 - Biodiversity and Wildlife Conservation

Barrera, Felix Nathaniel

Bustamante, Jaffy
Dasalla, Efraim
Natividad, Klarisa
Overview

In-Situ Conservation
Approaches for In-Situ Conservation of Target Species
Approaches in In-Situ Conservation of Genetic
Diversity Strategies in In- Situ Conservation
Concepts of In- Situ Conservation
Purposes of reserve systems in
biodiversity conservation
Advantage and Disadvantage of In- Situ
Conservation Landscape Ecology
How do we
conserve
Biodiversity?
 I n - S i t u Conservation

it sh e c o n s e r v a t i o n
In sit u conservat ion
of
ecosyst emsand nat ural habit at s and t h
e
maint enanceandrecoveryof viable pop ula
t ions of species in t heirnat ural surround
ings.

Maxt ed,2 0
0 1

Pithecophaga jefferyi
 EACH YEAR, MALE VISAYAN WARTY PIGS GROW A FLOPPY MANE
A BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT IN THE OF HAIR THAT'S IRRESISTIBLE TO FEMALE PIGS.
PHOTOGRAPH BY JOEL SARTORE, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC PHOTO
ARK
PHILIPPINES

HOTSPO ENDEMIS
TS M
 Approaches f o r I n - S i t u
C o n s e r v a t i o n o f Ta r g e t S p e c i e s
MAXTED AND HAWKES (1997), MACE AND COLLAR
( 2002 )
 A BENGAL TIGER PHOTOGRAPHED AT
ALABAMA GULF COAST ZOO IN GULF
SHORES PHOTOGRAPH BY JOEL SARTORE,
SUSANA.MAINKA/WWF NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC PHOTO ARK
Giant Panda (Ailuropoda Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris) Elephant (Elephas
melanoleuca) maximus)

FLAGSHIP SPECIES
The use of particular species or taxa as symbols or “flagship” has
been adopted by a wide range of organisations and agencies as a
means of engaging and informing selected audiences about
conservation efforts
Dietz et a l . , 1 9 9 4
 UMBRELLA SP
ECIES
Umbrella species are ‘species with
large area requirements, which if given
sufficient protected habitat area, will
bring many other species under
protection.
Amur tiger
(Panthera tigris altaica )
CARO
T.M. , 20 03
 INDICATOR
SPECIES
Indicator species are species that are used as ecological indicators of community or
habitat types, environmental conditions, or environmental changes. The characteristic
to be predicted is represented in the form of a classification of the sites, which is
compared to the patterns of distribution of the species found at the sites.
De Cáceres et al., 2 0 1 0
 KEYSTONE
SPECIES
Keystone species, in ecology, a species that has a disproportionately large
effect on the communities in which i t occurs. Such species help to maintain
local biodiversity within a community either by controlling populations of
other species that would otherwise dominate the community or by providing
critical resources for a wide range of species.

Thomson, 2 0 2 0
 Categories of Keystone Species

Keystone Modifier Keystone Prey

Beavers (Castor canadensis) Beavers (Castor canadensis)

 Categories of Keystone Species

Keystone Predator Keystone Hosts

African Lion (Panthera leo leo) Giant Kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera)

Categories of Keystone Species

Keystone Mutualists

Green-Backed Firecrown
(Sephanoides sephaniodes)
 APPROACHES IN IN- SITU
CONSERVATION OF GENETIC
DIVERSITY
 Genetic Di versit y
(Krebs, 1989; Begon et al., 1996; Barnes et al., 1998)

Genetic diversity is the variation in the genetic

makeup of organisms (nucleotides, genes,
chromosomes).
 G e n e t i c Reserve
(Murray, 2017)

Genet i reserv conservation of wild

c e involves locat ion
species
designation, t he management, ,
monit oring of genet ic diversit y inand
a
particular, natural location.

Pinus merkusii
 O n - Farm
Con s er va t i on
(Zegeye, 2016)

On- farm conservation is

conservat ion of cropsand the
relatives, l ivestock, t heir wild
agroecosystems in which theyand t he
occur.

Grass pea
Lathyrus sativus
 Home Garden
Con s er va t i on
(Murray, 2017)

I t involves the cultivation of more species- diverse

material in home, kitchen, backyard, or dooryard gardens
and focuses on the cultivation of food crops, medicinal
plants, herbs, and spices grown primarily for home
consumption.
Strategies i n
In- Situ
Conservation
 National Parks
(FAO, 1967)

Refers to an area that is set aside for the protection of sites,

landscapes, or geologic formations for the benefits and the
enjoyment of the general public.
 Sanctuaries
(FAO, 1967)

Refers to areas that are meant for special protection of characteristic wild
animals and bird communities or for protecting threatened species of
plants or animals and their habitats that are essential for their survival.
 Biosphere
Reserves
(UNESCO 1995)

UNESCO has developed the concept of 'Biosphere Reserves'

and defines them as a protected area including:
Core, a Buffer and Transition zone.
Biosphere
Reserves

Photo by: UPSC

DECODE
Concept of in situ
conservation
( Heywood & Dulloo, 2 0 0 5 )

Conservation of natural or semi-

natural ecosystems in various types of
protected area Conservation of agricultural
biodiversity Conservation and maintenance of
selected/target individual species
Recovery programmes for nationally or sub
nationally threatened, rare or endangered wild
species
Restoration, recovery or rehabilitation of
habitats
PURPOSES OF RESERVE
SYSTEMS IN
BIODIVERSITY
CONSERVATION
 PROTECT PARTICULAR SPECIES
T hreatened Species
Any species including animals, plants and fungi which are
vulnerable endangerment in the near future.

F lagship Species
Species chosen to represent an environmental cause, such as an ecosystemin
need of conservation.

Umbrella Species
Species whose conservation is expected to confer protection to a large
number of naturally co-occurring species.

Groom et al., (2006) Principles of Conservation

Biology
WHY WE NEED TO PROTECT THEM?
To prevent extinction of wildlife

To maintain ecosystem and overall quality of life.

The lost of one single species can affect the rest of

the ecosystem

It provides balance and stability to nature’s process.

(1996-2021 National Geographic

Organization)
PRE S E RVE BI ODI VE RS I TY, F OCUS I NG ON
ARE AS OF HI GH S P E C I E S

Rainforest

Rainforests have huge ranges

plants, insects and animals. of
I t produce oxygen and clean
the atmosphere to help us
breathe.
Provides us with many valuable
medicinal plants , and may be
a s ource of a cure from some
deadly
diseases.

A
PRE S E RVE BI ODI VE RS I TY, F OCUS I NG ON
ARE AS OF HI GH S P E C I E S

Coral Reefs

Provide an important
ecos ystem for l i fe
underwater
Protect coastal areas by
reducing the power of waves
Provide a crucial source
of income for millions of
people Tubbataha Reef
(Blue Water Travel,
2019)
P R E S E R V E L A R G E A N DF U N C T I O N I N G E C O S Y S T E
MAN D T H E I R A S S O C I A T E D E C O S Y S T E MS E R
VI CE

Catchments and Watershed

Temporarily store and transport water from the land

surface to the water body.

Provide people with stocks and f lo ra and fauna with

drinking water.
ADVANTAGES IN SITU CONSERVATION

A v o i d ss t o r a g e problems associated with

f i e l d ge n e

banksand recalcitrant seeds.

A l l o w s e v o l u t i o n t oc o n t i n u e through exposu

re to pests and diseases and other enviro

nmental factors.

Indirect benefits, including ecosys

tem services Sustainable use by

 DI S ADVANTAGE OF I N
S I TU
Requires extensive areas for effective conservation.

E xposes natural populations to a wide ran ge of natural

catastrophic events storms, hurricanes, cyclones)

and other threats.

Materials cannot be readily used and are very difficult to access.

Subject to conflict with mana gemen t by landowners ( C WR may not

have high priority).

Expensive to maintain.
 Landscape Ecology
Landscape ecology is the study of a
pattern and interaction of ecosystems
inside a particular area and how these
interactions affect ecological processes,
with a focus on the unique effects of
spatial variation on these interactions
(Clark, 2010).
EVOLUTIONARY PROCESSES

Landscape Genetics
What is the Importance of
Landscapes Ecology for In- Situ
Conservation?
 References
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https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816962-9.00009-0
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lessons-from-east- africa/6BA932C3591D10F6DA850CB546BC990A
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GVI. https://www.gvi.co.uk/blog/why-should-we-save-endangered-species/
De Cáceres M. Legendre P. and Moretti M. Improving indicator species analysis by combining groups of sites.
Oikos https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1600- 0706.2010.18334.x
Global Species Programe: how WWF classifies species. (2020). Panda.org.
https://wwf.panda.org/discover/our_focus/wildlife_practice/
flagship_keystone_indicator_definition/
 Refer ence
s
Goldman L. (2010). A biodiversity Hotspot in the Philippines.WWF https://www.worldwildlife.org/blogs/good-nature-travel/posts/a-
biodiversity-hotspot-in-the-philippines
Heywood & Dulloo. (2005). In situ conservation of wild plant species a critical global review of good prac
tices. IPGRI.
Groom, M.J., Meffe, G. K., & Carroll, C. R. (2006). Principles of Conservation Biology, 3rd ed. ResearchGate; Sinauer Associates.
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Meffe_C_Ronald_Carroll_2006_Sinauer_Associates_Sunderland_MA
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biodiversity. BluePen Journals.
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odiversity