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IMPLEMENT MAINTENANCE
PROCEDURE
Determine hardware and software maintenance
BY :- ABDIFETAH EID
Understanding Electricity, Electronic devices, and Technician tools
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The four basic units of electricity are
Voltage (V)
by :- Abdifetah Eid
Current (I)
Power (P)
Resistance (R)
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Voltage is a measure of the force required to push
electrons through a circuit. Voltage is measured in volts
(V). A computer power supply usually produces several
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different voltages.
Current is a measure of the number of electrons going
through a circuit. Current is measured in amperes, or
amps (A). Computer power supplies deliver different
amperages for each output voltage.
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Power is a measure of the pressure required to push
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electrons through a circuit, called voltage, multiplied by
the number of electrons going through that circuit, called
cur-rent. The measurement is called watts (W).
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Computer power supplies are rated in watts.
Resistance is the opposition to the flow of current in a
circuit. Resistance is measured in ohms. Lower
resistance allows more current, and therefore more
power, to flow through a circuit. A good fuse has low
resistance or a measurement of almost 0 ohms.
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Transistor A transistor regulates current or voltage flow
and acts as a switch or gate for electronic signals.
by :- Abdifetah Eid
Diode a diode is a specialized electronic component with
two electrodes called the anode and the cathode. Most
diodes are made with semiconductor materials. The
fundamental property of a diode is its tendency to
conduct electric current in only one direction.
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GENERAL SAFETY GUIDELINES:
Follow the basic safety guidelines to prevent cuts, burns,
electrical shock, and damage to eyesight. As a best practice
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here are some general safety guidelines:
Remove your watch or any other jewelry and secure loose
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clothing.
Turn off the power and unplug equipment before opening the
case and performing service.
Cover any sharp edges inside the computer case with tape.
Never open a power supply or a monitor.
Do not touch areas in printers that are hot or use high voltage.
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Know where the fire extinguisher is located and how to
use it.
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Know where the first aid kit is located.
Keep food and drinks out of your workspace.
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Keep your workspace clean and free of clutter.
Lift heavy objects with your legs to avoid back injury.
Warning
Power supplies and monitors contain very high voltage.
Do not wear the antistatic wrist strap when replacing
power supplies or monitors.
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Identify Safety Procedures to Protect Equipment from
Damage and Data from Loss
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Static electricity is the buildup of an electric charge
resting on a surface. This buildup and sudden release of
energy, called electrostatic discharge (ESD), can be
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destructive to the electronics in a computer system.
ESD Protection Recommendations
ESD can cause permanent damage to electrical
components. Follow these recommendations to help
prevent ESD damage:
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Keep all components in antistatic bags until you are ready to install
them.
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Use grounded mats on workbenches and on the work area floor.
Use antistatic wrist straps when working on computers.
Avoid working on carpeted areas if possible.
by :- Abdifetah Eid
Climate also affects risks when working with computer equipment.
Consider the following
recommendations:
If the environment temperature is too high, equipment can overheat.
If the humidity level is too low, the chance of ESD increases.
If the humidity level is too high, equipment can suffer from moisture
damage.
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2. HARDWARE BASICS
2.1. DESCRIBE A COMPUTER SYSTEM
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A computer system consists of hardware and software
components. Hardware is the physical equipment such
as the case, storage drives, keyboards, monitors, cables,
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speakers, and printers.
The term software includes the operating system and
programs. The operating system instructs the computer
how to operate.
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2.2. COMPUTER CASES
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Computer case is an enclosure that holds all the primary
electronics of the PC. It is also called chassis. Computer
cases:
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house all the internal components
offers access to the external world through ports and
connectors
prevent delicate circuits from damage and EMI
prevent EMI from pc from affecting surrounding devices
such as TV, telephone, etc
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There are different types of cases:
Full-sized tower
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Mid-size tower
Mini-tower
Desktop
Slim desktop
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2.3. MOTHERBOARD
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The motherboard is the main printed circuit board. It
contains the buses, or electrical pathways, found in a
computer. These buses allow data to travel between the
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various components that comprise a computer. A
motherboard is also known as the system board,
backplane, or main board.
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The motherboard accommodates the central processing
unit (CPU), RAM, expansion slots, heat sink/fan
assembly, BIOS chip, chip set, and the embedded wires
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that interconnect the motherboard components. Sockets,
internal and external connectors, and various ports are
also placed on the motherboard.
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2.3.1. MOTHER BOARD FORM FACTORS
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The form factor of motherboards pertains to the board’s
size and shape. It also describes the physical layout of
the different components and devices on the
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motherboard. Motherboards have various form factors:
Advanced Technology (AT)
Advanced Technology Extended (ATX)
Smaller footprint than Advanced Technology Extended
(Mini-ATX)
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Smaller footprint than Advanced Technology Extended
(Micro-ATX)
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Low-Profile Extended (LPX)
New Low-Profile Extended (NLX)
Balanced technology Extended (BTX)
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2.3.1.1. ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY (AT)
They are distinguished by their shape and usually by the
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presence of single full sized keyboard connector
soldered onto the motherboard.
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All other devices are connected to the motherboard via
cards and expansion slots or cables.
The serial and parallel ports are attached using cables
that go between the physical connectors mounted on the
case and pin headers located on the motherboard.
AT motherboards get power through P8 and P9
connectors
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ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY EXTENDED
(ATX)
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The ATX motherboard is rotated 90 degrees; the
processor sits near the back of the board.
by :- Abdifetah Eid
In ATX motherboards, the connectors COM1, COM2,
LPT, keyboard, mouse, and USB are directly mounted on
the motherboard. This motherboard requires a
specifically designed chassis with an I/O access opening
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1 CPU Socket
2 CPU_FAN - CPU cooling fan connector
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3 DIMM1~2 - 240-pin DDR2 SDRAM slots
4 IRDA - Infrared header
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5 FDD - Floppy diskette drive connector
6 ATX1 - Standard 24-pin ATX power connector
7 IDE1 - Primary IDE channel
8 CLR_CMOS - Clear CMOS jumper
9 SATA1~4 - Serial ATA connectors
10 PANEL1 - Panel connector for case switches and LEDs
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11 USB1-2 - Front Panel USB headers
12 1394a - IEEE 1394a header
13 BIOS_WP - BIOS flash protect jumper
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14 COM2 - Onboard Serial port hider
15 WOL1 - Wake On LAN connector
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16 S/PDIF - SPDIF out header
17 F_AUDIO - Front panel audio header
18 AUX_IN - Auxiliary In connector
19 PCI1~2 - 32-bit add-on card slots
20 PCIE1 - PCI Express x1 slot
21 PCIEX16 - PCI Express slot for graphics interface
22 SYS_FAN - System cooling fan connector
23 ATX12V - Auxiliary 4-pin power connector
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Integrated I/Os
Rear panel on of a motherboard with many
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integrated inputs and outputs (I/O's).
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PS2 Mouse Used to connect a PS/2 pointing device.
PS2 Keyboard Used to connect a PS/2 keyboard.
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Parallel Port (LPT1) Used to connect printers or other parallel
communications devices.
Serial Port Used to connect serial devices such as mice or
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(COM1) fax/modems.
VGA Port Connect your monitor to the VGA port.
1394a Port Use the 1394a port to connect to any firewire device.
LAN Port Used to connect an RJ-45 cable to a Network hub or
router.
USB Ports Used to connect USB devices such as printers,
scanners cameras et...
Audio Ports Used to connect audio devices.
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2.3.2. CHIPSETS
An important set of components on the motherboard is
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the chip set. The chip set is composed of various
integrated circuits attached to the motherboard that
control how system hardware interacts with the CPU and
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motherboard. The CPU is installed into a slot or socket
on the motherboard. The socket on the motherboard
determines the type of CPU that can be installed.
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The chip set of a motherboard allows the CPU to
communicate and interact with the computer’s other
components and to exchange data with system memory
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(RAM), hard-disk drives, video cards, and other output
devices. The chip set establishes how much memory can
be added to a motherboard. The chip set also determines
the type of connectors on the motherboard.
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Most chip sets are divided into two distinct components,
North Bridge and South Bridge. What each component
does varies from manufacturer to manufacturer, but in
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general the North Bridge controls access to the RAM,
video card, and the speeds at which the CPU can
communicate with them. The video card is sometimes
integrated into the North Bridge. The South Bridge, in
most cases, allows the CPU to communicate with the
hard drives, sound card, USB ports, and other
input/output (I/O) ports.
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SOME OF THE KEY COMPONENTS FOUND ON A
MOTHERBOARD INCLUDE:
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The CPU (microprocessor
Microchips that provide support for the CPU.
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Random Access Memory (RAM) chips.
The system Bus
A Keyboard controller and connector.
A mouse connector.
Power connectors.
Serial and parallel communications ports.
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Some of the most recent boards also contain:
Integrated IDE disk controller circuits.
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USB Bus controller circuits.
Built in video controller/adapters.
Built in sound card circuits.
The motherboard also contains other components such as
BIOS chips, the CPU clock, cache chips, bus, etc. To see
every detail, you will need to get a "User's Manual" for
the specific motherboard you have, and to locate all
components on the board.
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2.3. THE POWER SUPPLY
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A box-shaped device that converts wall-outlet AC power
to low-voltage DC used to power the devices in the
computer. DC power is required for all the components
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inside the computer.
The basic function of power supply is to convert the type
of electrical power available or alternate current AC to
the type of computer circuitry can use direct current or
DC voltage and Address power good signal messages to
mother board.
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Standard power supplies turn the incoming 110V or
230V AC (Alternating Current) into various DC (Direct
Current) voltages suitable for powering the computer's
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components.
Power supplies are quoted as having a certain power
output specified in Watts, a standard power supply would
typically be able to deliver around 250-350 Watts.
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The quality of Power supply unit can be
assured by their wattage. Power supply having
around 250 watt is good.
by :- Abdifetah Eid
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ATX-STYLE MOTHERBOARD CONNECTIONS (P1)
A 20-pin or 24-pin slotted connector is used to connect to the
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motherboard. The 24-pinslotted connector has two rows of 12
pins each, and the 20-pin slotted connector has two rows of 10
pins each.
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MOLEX CONNECTOR
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This is the most commonly used power connector. It
provides both 12-volt and 5-volt power. Hard disk
drives, internal tape drives, CD-ROM drives, DVD
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(digital video disc) drives, and older.
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MINI MOLEX CONNECTOR.
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Most power supplies provide one or more mini
connectors. The mini is used primarily for 3.5-inch
floppy disk drives. It has four pin-outs and, usually, four
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wires. Most are fitted with keys that make it.
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SERIAL ATA POWER CONNECTOR:
Molex offers power connectors for Serial ATA Solutions
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Designed for Serial ATA disk drive power applications,
Molex's power connectors a variety of configurations to meet
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various power supply requirements
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Power adapter
These SATA Power Adapters convert your existing
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molex power connector into two Serial ATA power
connectors
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ADAPTER CARDS
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Adapter card is a printed circuit card required to allow a
computer to support a new device or enable a computer
to communicate with a peripheral; also called
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controller card
Types of adapter card PCI
A specification introduced by Intel that defines a local
bus system that allows up to 10 PCI-compliant
expansion cards to be installed in the computer. PCI
video cards were replaced by the newer AGP
(Accelerated Graphics Port) Specifications:
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AGP (ADVANCED GRAPHICS PORT)
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The Accelerated Graphics Port (also called Advanced
Graphics Port, often shortened to AGP) is a high-speed
point-to-point channel for attaching a graphics card to a
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computer's motherboard, primarily to assist in the
acceleration of 3D computer graphics. Some
motherboards have been built with multiple independent
AGP slots. AGP is currently being phased out in favor of
PCI Express.
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SCSI (SMALL COMPUTER SYSTEM INTERFACE)
SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) is a set of
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standards for physically connecting and transferring data
between computers and peripheral devices. The SCSI
standards define commands, protocols, and electrical and
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optical interfaces. SCSI is most commonly used for hard
disks and tape drives, but it can connect a wide range of
other devices, including scanners, printers, and optical
drives (CD, DVD, etc.). The SCSI standards promote
device independence, which means that, at least in
theory, almost any type of hardware can be connected
via SCSI.
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SERIAL PORT
A serial port is a serial communication physical interface
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through which information transfers in or out one bit at a
time. Data transferred through serial ports connected the
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computer to devices such as terminals or modems. Mice,
keyboards, and other peripheral devices.
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USB (Universal Serial Bus)
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Universal Serial Bus, or USB, is a computer standard
designed to eliminate the guesswork in connecting
peripherals to a PC. It is expected to replace serial and
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parallel ports
USB 1.1 standard supports data transfer rates of 12
Mbps.
USB 2.0 (Also referred to as Hi-Speed USB)
specification defines a new High-speed transfer rate of
480 Mb/sec.
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Parallel
A parallel port is a type of socket found on personal
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computers for interfacing with various peripherals. It is
also known as a printer port.
Like the serial port, the USB interface has replaced the
parallel port. As of 2006, most modern printers are
connected through a USB connection.
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NETWORK INTERFACE ADAPTERS
A hardware device that provides a computer with access
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to a LAN. Network interface adapters can be integrated
into a computer's motherboard or take the form of an
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expansion card, in which case they are called network
interface cards or NICs. The adapter has one or more
connectors for network cables, or some other interface to
the network medium.
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Modem
Short for modulator/demodulator, a hardware device that
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converts the digital signals generated by computers into
analog signals suitable for transmission over a telephone
line and back again. Modems take the form of internal
devices that plug into one of a computer's expansion
slots, or external devices that connect to one of the
computer's serial ports.
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PROCESSOR/CPU
The processor or CPU (central processing unit) is the
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brain of the computer and also the most important
component on the motherboard.
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The most important parts (components) of a CPU are:
Control unit (CU): which controls the processor in that it
instructs other parts of the processor telling them what to do,
what data to work on, where to find it and where to put the
results.
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Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU): does all the simple
calculation addition, subtraction, division and so on. It also
use comparative logic to give a true or false decision for a
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given criteria.
Register: is the small memory units found in the CPU that
are used to store data and instruction before and after
execution.
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THANKS TO ALLAH
