Contents of the chapter:
What is Architectural Drawing?
Purpose of Architectural Drawings
Types of Architectural Drawing
Standard views of Architectural Drawings,
Plans- floor plans, roof plan foundation plan, site plan
Elevation
Section
Detail drawings
Perspective drawing
ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING …?
Architectural drawing is basically
Pictorial images of buildings, interiors, details or other items
that need to be built.
Technical drawing of a building (or building project) that falls
within the definition of architecture.
A set of conventions, which include:
Particular views (floor plan, section etc.) Sheet sizes, units of
measurement and scales, annotation and cross referencing.
Graphic representations help to communicate how to do the;
Construction,
Remodeling, or
Installation of a design project.
PURPOSE OF ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING
To develop a design idea a coherent proposal,
To communicate ideas and concepts,
To convince clients of the merits of a design,
To enable a building contractor to construct it,
To make a record of a building that already exists
TYPES OF ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS
Architectural drawings are produced for a specific purpose, and can
be classified accordingly:
Presentation drawing and working drawing
While presentation drawings communicate the form of the building
in terms of shape, color and texture, working drawings
are a set of drawings which is used to execute the construction
work.
Presentation drawings are drawings intended to explain a
scheme and to promote its merits. Includes; people, vehicles and
trees
Working drawings and specifications are the main sources of
information for supervisors and technicians responsible for the
actual construction
Working drawings includes the following sheets.
Title page and index
Floor plan
Elevations
Sections
Roof plan
Site plan
Typical details
Reflected ceiling plan
Schedules
Electrical drawings
Mechanical drawings
Plumbing drawings
Structural drawings etc.
STANDARD VIEWS USED IN ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING
Generally the architectural drawings are categorized into the
following views:
[Link] Plans At All Levels
[Link] Ceiling Plan At All Levels
[Link] Plan
[Link] Plan
[Link] Plan
[Link] Elevations
[Link] Sections And/or Sectional Views
SITE DEVELOPMENT PLAN/ SITE PLAN
A. Site Plan
A site plan is a specific type of plan, showing the whole context of a
building or group of buildings.
Shows; property boundaries and means of access to the site, and
nearby structures if they are relevant to the design
For a development on an urban site, the site plan may need to
show adjoining streets to demonstrate how the design fits in to
the urban fabric.
For a construction project, the site plan also needs to show all
the services connections: drainage and sewer lines, water supply,
electrical and communications cables, exterior lighting etc.
Generally the functions of the site plan are to show:
–The locations of the building or buildings in relation to their
surroundings
–The topography of the site with both existing and finished levels
–Buildings to be demolished or removed
–The extent of earthworks, including cutting and filling, and the
provision of banks and retaining walls
–Roads, footpaths and paved areas
FLOOR PLANS:
A floor plan is an aerial plan view that is horizontally cut (conventionally
at 1.50m above floor level), showing anything that could be seen below
that level:
The floor,
Corridors and Stairs (but only up to the plan level),
Fittings, appliance, and cabinetry, sometimes furniture
Walls,
Windows and door openings, and
Built-in interior elements, arrangement of spaces in building and other
features at that level.
It is considered to be the most important architectural drawing that
presents significant amount of information on the design and construction
Purpose of floor plan
Guides the construction team to layout and construct floor,
columns, walls, openings, staircases, fixtures, partitions etc.
Helps the design team to develop other working drawings section,
elevations, site plan, roof plan, ceiling plan etc.
Shows dimension, size, thickness of exterior features, interior
content and room sizes. Exterior wall, columns, partition walls
material and thickness, rooms name and size
Indicate the location of building components and contents floors,
columns, walls, openings, staircases, fixtures, partitions etc.
Features to be included in the floor plan:
Walls
Main Openings In Walls (I.E. Windows & Doors)
Partitions
Main Openings In Partitions (Doors)
Room Names And Numbers
Grid References (When Applicable)
Stairs ( In Outline)
Fixed Furniture (Including Loose Furniture When Its Disposition
In A Room Is In Practice Predetermined – E.G. Desks Set Out On
A Modular Grid, Etc.)
Sanitary Fittings
Cupboards
North Point.
Items in which tend to be included :
Dimensions
Annotations
Details of construction – e.g. cavity wall construction
Hatching or shading
Section indications
ELEVATIONS
Elevation are drawings that show the front, rear, or side view of a
building or structure.
An elevation is a view of a building seen from one side, a flat
representation of one façade.
This is the most common view used to describe the external
appearance of a building.
Drawings that show the height of objects are called elevations.
An orthographic drawing of the sides of the structure.
Two common identifications of elevations:
[Link], rear, right side & left side
[Link], south, east, & west
Elevations shows;-
locations and types of :doors and windows.
Construction materials may be shown on the elevation.
The ground level (the grade) surrounding the structure may also
be shown.
Height
Functions of elevations:
To describe exterior materials of the building
-Roof material, wall finishing, opening material etc.
To indicate vertical location & shape of parts of the building
-Doors, windows, balcony, external stair case
To give dimensions of the exterior components of the buildings
-Roof, balcony, openings
To reveal external appearances of building
To show structural axis lines
SECTIONS AND DETAILS
It is not possible to show all the details of construction on
foundation plans, floor plans, and elevations. To show how
individual pieces fit together it is necessary to use large scale
drawings and section views.
These drawings are usually grouped together in the drawing set.
They are referred to as sections and details.
A section: represents a vertical plane cut through the object, in the
same way as a floor plan is a horizontal section viewed from the top.
Geometrically, a cross section is a horizontal orthographic
projection of a building on to a vertical plane, with the vertical
plane cutting through the building.
It is an orthographic projection that has been cut a part to show
interior features
In the section view, everything cut by the section plane is shown as
a bold line, often with a solid fill to show objects that are cut
through, and anything seen beyond generally shown in a thinner
line.
There are two types of sections:
A transverse section/cross section is taken from an imaginary
cut across the width of the building.
A full section taken from a lengthwise cut through the building is
called longitudinal section.
A sectional elevation is a combination of a cross section, with
elevations of other parts of the building seen beyond the section
plane.
Main purpose of a section drawing:
Describe the construction material of the structure
Describe method of construction
Show interior design elements
Clearly depict the structural conditions existing in the building
Kinds of information's that are included on typical wall
sections with most sets of drawings:
Footing size and material
Foundation wall thickness, height and material
Insulation ,water proofing and interior finish for foundation walls
Fill and water proofing under concrete floors
Concrete floor thickness, material and reinforcement
Sizes of floor framing materials
Sizes of wall framing materials
Wall coverings
Cornice construction-material and size( cornice is the
construction at the roof eaves)
Ceiling construction and insulation
Detail Drawings
Detail drawings are more specific than other types of
construction plans.
Details are large-scale drawings which show features that do not
appear (or appear on too small a scale) on the plans, elevations,
and sections.
Detail drawing shows the builder how various parts are
connected and placed.
Other large scale details:
Sometimes necessary information can be conveyed without
showing the interior construction.
A large scale may be all that is needed to show the necessary
details. The most common examples of this are on cabinet
installation drawings.
Cabinet elevations show how the cabinets are located,without
showing the interior construction.
Many details are best shown by combining elevations and sections
or by using isometric drawings
Orienting sections and details:
Some sections and details are labeled as typical. These drawings
describe the construction that is used throughout the most of the
building.
Sections and details that refer to a specific location in the building
include a reference that indicates where the section or detail came
from.
The cutting plane has an arrow head or some other indication of the
direction from which the detail is viewed.
The section mark consists of a 12mm diameter circle an arrow that
indicates the view direction of the sight which is filled solid black
and two numbers.
The feature that needs a detail drawing is enclosed in a large
circle and connected to the circle of the detail mark with a
leader. The detail drawings are identified by a detail mark
composed of 15mm diameter circle and two numbers.
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